Vitruvius - Marcus Vitruvius Pollio

Japanese: ウィトルウィウス - うぃとるうぃうす(英語表記)Marcus Vitruvius Pollio
Vitruvius - Marcus Vitruvius Pollio

Date of birth and death unknown. Roman architect and engineer of the 1st century BC. He is said to have been active during the reign of the Roman Emperor Augustus (reigned 27 BC - 14 AD), but little is known about his life, other than that he is the author of De architectura libridecem . De architectura libridecem (also called On Architecture or The Book of Architecture) consists of 10 volumes, and is not only a comprehensive treatise on architecture, but also an encyclopedia of the technology and science of the time. Looking at each of the 10 volumes, the first volume is on the principles of architecture, the second volume is on the history of architecture and materials, the third volume is on Ionic temples, the fourth volume is on Corinthian and Doric temples, the fifth volume is on theaters, their acoustics, and baths, the sixth volume is on town and country houses, the seventh volume is on interior decoration, the eighth volume is on water supplies, the ninth volume is on clocks, and the tenth volume is on mechanical and military technology. From this, we can see that this book is not just an architecture book, but contains a wide variety of knowledge. At the beginning of the first volume, he writes, "An architect who only tries to hone his skills without considering science will not gain authority despite the hard work he puts in. On the other hand, those who rely only on calculation and science seem to be in name only and do not pursue reality. A thorough mastery of theory and practice is the perfect weapon to achieve the desired goal." He also says, "An architect should acquire knowledge of writing, drawing, geometry, history, philosophy, music, medicine, law, and astronomy." In addition, he provides detailed explanations of sound caused by air vibrations, research into architectural acoustics, the application of hydraulic power, and considerations regarding hygiene. He also uses Greek words for technical terms and creates new Latin terms, which shows that he relied heavily on Greek sources. The reviews of "Ten Books on Architecture" are clearly divided into positive and negative. Admirers claim that Vitruvius was fully qualified to describe and criticize examples of Greek architecture, while critics find the work dry, criticize the excerpts from Greek sources, or even claim that the work was compiled by someone other than Vitruvius in the 4th or 5th century. The oldest surviving version was published in Rome around 1486, and translations into Italian and several other languages ​​appeared in the 16th century, exerting a great influence on European architects.

[Hirata Hiroshi]

"Morita Keiichi's translation and annotated version of "Vitruvius's Book of Architecture" (1969/Popular edition, 1979, Tokai University Press)"

[Reference] | Architecture

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

生没年不詳。紀元前1世紀のローマの建築家、技術者。ローマ皇帝アウグストゥス(在位前27~後14)の時代に活躍したとされるが、『建築十書』De architectura libridecemの著者であるということ以外、その生涯などは知られていない。『建築十書』(『建築について』『建築の書』などともよばれる)は全10巻からなり、建築に関する包括的な論文であるだけでなく、当時の技術と科学の百科事典的な存在であった。全10巻を各巻ごとにみると、第1巻が建築の原理、2巻が建築の歴史、材料、3巻がイオニア式神殿、4巻がコリント式、ドーリア式神殿、5巻が劇場とその音響、浴場、6巻が町の家屋と田園の家屋、7巻が内部装飾、8巻が給水、9巻が時計、10巻が機械技術と軍事技術、となっている。これからみても、この書が単なる建築書でなく、多様な知識を含んでいることがわかる。そして第1巻の冒頭で、「科学を顧みずに腕のほうを磨こうとするばかりの建築家は、ほねをおったわりに権威を得ることはできない。反対に計算と科学だけに頼る人は、有名無実で実際を追求していないように思える。理論と実際とを十分にわがものにすることこそ、求める目標に達する完全な武器である」といい、また「建築家は、文章の学、描画、幾何学、歴史、哲学、音楽、医術、法律、天文学の知識を身につけるべきだ」ともいっている。そのほか、たとえば、空気振動による音の説明、建築上の音響学に関する研究、水力の応用、衛生についての配慮など、詳細に説明されている。また専門用語にはギリシア語を使ったり、新しくラテン用語をつくったりしており、ギリシア語文献をかなり典拠にしたことがわかる。『建築十書』の評価は、はっきり賛否二分される。賛美する者としては、ウィトルウィウスはギリシア建築の実例を描写し批評する資格が十分あると主張し、反対する者は、この書が無味乾燥、あるいはギリシア文献からの抜粋部分の批判、さらには、この書が4~5世紀のウィトルウィウス以外の人物の編書だという主張まである。現存する最古の版本は1486年ごろローマで刊行されたもので、16世紀にはイタリアその他数か国語訳で出され、ヨーロッパの建築家に大きな影響を与えた。

[平田 寛]

『森田慶一訳注『ウィトルーウィウス建築書』(1969/普及版・1979・東海大学出版会)』

[参照項目] | 建築

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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