A general term for the plastic arts works on stage, such as props and stage sets, which are an element of performing arts. Along with stage lighting and costumes, stage sets are broadly classified as stage art, and as they form the center of stage art, they are sometimes also called stage art. In English, the term scenery is used to refer to the background and backdrop. [Tsuyoshi Ishii] The role of stage equipmentPerforming arts such as theater, opera, and ballet are called "comprehensive arts" because they are created by the combined work of many elements, and one of the elements for their expression is the stage set. In a horizontal relationship with this stage set are genres such as stage lighting, stage costumes, stage makeup, visual effects, music, and sound effects, and in a vertical relationship with it are the three basic elements of theater: "play (story)," "actors (performers)," and "audience." Each of the former genres cannot exist alone, and can only exist in conjunction with the latter three elements. In other words, the role of the stage set is to create a "place" for theatrical expression by visually shaping the image desired by the "play," "actors," and "audience" while influencing each element of the other genres. This "place" exists within the fixed time during which performing arts are performed, and although it is closely related to paintings and sculptures, which have a permanent time, it is qualitatively different. In other words, Leonardo da Vinci's "Mona Lisa" never changes its expression, but Shakespeare's "Hamlet" continues to change its expression with the times. [Tsuyoshi Ishii] History of stage setsThe history of stage sets is closely related to the history of theaters. The Greek word skene is the origin of the English word scene, and the prototype of stage sets can be seen in ancient Greek theaters. There was an orchestra (a place for rituals, the stage surface) surrounded by semicircular seating, and a skene (dressing room) behind it, and the entrance and walls of the skene were seen as background equipment. In this sense, the theater building itself represents the place as equipment, and the concept of the Japanese Noh stage is the same. During the Renaissance, the skene as part of the architecture gradually developed into a Baroque theater with a proscenium arch by enlarging the central entrance (arch). In the Teatro Olimpico (1584) and Teatro Farnese (1619) in Italy, a background painting that introduced perspective was decorated behind the arch, which became the basis for a stage with a proscenium arch (picture stage) that constitutes the space with background paintings (stage sets) created as needed, rather than just an arch as an entrance. This proscenium theatre has since evolved and is now one of the major theatre formats in the world today. After the 19th century, the trend shifted from flat stage equipment based on perspective to a three-dimensional realistic tendency with the rise of naturalistic theater. The heavy and realistic stage equipment, as typified by the Moscow Art Theatre founded at the end of the 19th century, had a great influence on modern Japanese theater. However, a realistic stage in the proscenium format, no matter how realistic the equipment, is still a "picture" set in a frame, and it was only in the 20th century that more three-dimensional stage productions began to be created by simplifying and symbolizing the equipment to make the most of the actors' bodies and presence, and by using lighting more effectively. The work of G. Craig of England and A. Appia of Switzerland became the source of a new trend in modern stage design. After that, L. Jessner and M. Reinhardt of Germany, and J. Copeau of France, among others, developed more three-dimensional and expressive stage equipment, and the form of expression of stage design also underwent a major change along with the new theatrical trends. The abstraction of stage equipment in Expressionist theater in Germany and the constructivist stage style of Meyerhold in post-revolutionary Russia have had a major influence on today's performing arts. In addition, the amphitheater movement (since 1932) advocated by American G. Hughes and other attempts to create open stages in which the proscenium is eliminated and the audience seats surround the performance space have led to the devising of appropriate stage equipment. In Japan, from around the end of the Taisho period, Tanaka Ryo, Ito Kisaku, Yoshida Kenkichi and others pioneered the way of stage equipment as specialists at modern theaters such as the Imperial Theater and Tsukiji Little Theater, and many excellent talents have been produced since then. [Tsuyoshi Ishii] Actual stage setThere is a basic system in place before a stage set is completed. Once the plan is decided upon, the director and staff are organized, the casting is decided, and a company is formed for the performance. The set designer first reads the script to find out the initial image. Then, in consultation with the director, they create a more sophisticated image of what is presented in the script and draw a sketch of the stage. Corrections and changes are made during the rehearsal process, and a design drawing called a tool book for set production is created. This is a precise prediction drawn as if it were the actual stage, and is sent to the prop production together with floor plans and partial drawings, which are mainly reduced to 1/40 to 1/50. The completed life-size set is assembled in the theater for rehearsals, and final adjustments are made to the actors, costumes, lighting, etc., before the opening night. Today, performing arts such as theater and dance are performed in a variety of locations. From national and public theaters to private and individual theaters and theater spaces, there are now many performance formats other than fixed theaters, such as temporary stages that utilize spaces such as factories, warehouses, temples, shrines, and squares. However, the fundamental principle remains that the "place" of a stage set is made up of the "space for performing" and the "space for viewing." It is necessary to prepare a set that is appropriate for that "place" in accordance with the theme of the work. Furthermore, in modern times, as theatrical expressions become more diverse, there has been remarkable progress in the digitalization of technology and production techniques, and with the development of stage lighting, we are entering a new era of stage sets. [Tsuyoshi Ishii] "The Work of Stage Sets" by Kono Kunio (1954, Miraisha)" ▽ "The Actuality of Stage Sets" by Negishi Masaaki et al. (1978, Bijutsu Shuppansha)" ▽ "The Complete Book of Stage Set Techniques" by H.B. Meyer and E.C. Cole, translated by Koizumi Kashiro (1978, NHK Publishing)" ▽ "Takada Ichiro's Takada Ichiro's Introduction to Stage Sets" by Takada Ichiro (1982, Reclam Publishing) ▽ "Everything About Stage Space" by Asakura Setsu (2000, PARCO Publishing Bureau)" ▽ "Stage Costume Design" by Ogata Kikuko, edited by Kuriyama Masayoshi, Sato Makoto and Tanaka Ikko (2001, Rokuyosha)" ▽ "Kappa Speaks of the Front and Backstage" by Senoo Kappa (Bunshun Bunko) [References] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
舞台芸術を構成する一要素で、大道具・小道具など舞台上に設けられた造形美術作品の総称。舞台照明や舞台衣装などとともに大きくは舞台美術に含まれ、その中心をなすので、ときには舞台装置は舞台美術ともいわれる。英語では、背景・書割を示すシーナリーsceneryが使われる。 [石井強司] 舞台装置の役割演劇やオペラ、バレエなどの舞台芸術は、数々の要素が複合的に働くことによって生まれるために「総合芸術」とよばれるが、その表現のための一つの要素に舞台装置がある。この舞台装置と横の関係にあるものとして、舞台照明、舞台衣装、舞台化粧、視覚効果、音楽、音響効果などのジャンルがあり、縦の関係には、「戯曲(ストーリー)」「俳優(演技者)」「観客」という演劇の基本をなす三要素がある。前者のおのおののジャンルは単独では成立しえないものであり、後者の三要素とかかわることでのみ成立する。つまり舞台装置の役割は、他のジャンルそれぞれの要素と影響しあいながら「戯曲」「俳優」「観客」の求めるイメージを視覚造形化して、舞台表現の「場」を創造することにある。そしてこの「場」は、舞台芸術の行われる一定時間内に存在するものであり、永続的な時間をもつ絵画や彫刻とは近い関係にありながらも、質的に異なるものである。つまりレオナルド・ダ・ビンチの『モナリザ』はいつまでも表情を変えることはないけれど、シェークスピアの『ハムレット』は時代とともに表情を変え続けるわけである。 [石井強司] 舞台装置の歴史舞台装置の歴史は劇場の歴史と密接な関係がある。ギリシア語スケネskeneは英語のシーンscene(背景場面)の語源であり、舞台装置の原型が古代ギリシアの劇場にみられる。そこでは半円形の客席に囲まれたオルケストラ(祭事の場所、舞台面)と、その奥にスケネ(楽屋)があり、そのスケネの出入口や壁面を背景的装置として見立てた。これは劇場建築物そのものが装置としての場を表しているわけで、日本の能舞台も概念としては同じである。ルネサンス期になると、建築の一部としてのスケネは、中央の出入口(アーチ)を大きくすることによりプロセニアム・アーチ形式のバロック劇場へと漸次発展する。イタリアのオリンピコ座(1584)やファルネーゼ座(1619)では、アーチの奥に遠近法を導入した背景画を飾ることによって、単なる出入口としてのアーチから、必要に応じてつくられた背景画(舞台装置)で空間を構成する、プロセニアム・アーチをもった舞台(額縁舞台)の基礎となった。このプロセニアム形式の劇場は、以後発展しながら今日の世界の主要な劇場形式の一つになっている。 19世紀以降は、それまでの遠近法による平面的な装置から、自然主義演劇の隆盛とともに立体感のある写実主義的傾向へと移ってゆく。19世紀末に創立されたモスクワ芸術座に代表される重厚で写実的な舞台装置は、日本の近代劇にも大きな影響を与えた。しかしプロセニアム形式による写実舞台は、いかに装置がリアルであっても額縁にはめ込まれた「絵」であることに変わりはなく、20世紀になってようやく、二次元的な舞台表現から、俳優の肉体や存在感を生かすための装置の簡素化や象徴化、さらに照明をより効果的に使うことなどによって、より三次元的な舞台作りが始められた。イギリスのG・クレイグ、スイスのA・アッピアに代表される仕事は、現代舞台美術の新しい流れの源となった。以後ドイツのL・イェスナーやM・ラインハルト、フランスのJ・コポーらがより立体的で表現力あふれる舞台装置を発展させて、新しい演劇思潮とともに舞台美術の表現形態も大きな変化を遂げることになる。ドイツでの表現主義演劇による装置の抽象化や、革命後のロシアでのメイエルホリドの構成主義舞台などが、今日の舞台芸術に大きな影響を与えた。また、アメリカのG・ヒューズの提唱した円形劇場運動(1932以降)をはじめ、プロセニアムを廃して演技空間を観客席が取り囲むオープン・ステージの試みもなされ、それに応じた舞台装置が考案されていった。日本でも大正末ごろから帝国劇場、築地(つきじ)小劇場などの近代的劇場において、田中良(りょう)、伊藤熹朔(きさく)、吉田謙吉(けんきち)などが専門家として舞台装置の道を開拓し、以後も多くの優れた人材が生まれている。 [石井強司] 舞台装置の実際舞台装置が完成するまでには、いちおうの基本となるシステムがある。初めに企画が決定されると、演出家やスタッフが編成されキャスティングが決まり、上演のための一つの座(カンパニー)ができあがる。舞台美術家はまず脚本を読むことで最初のイメージを探り出す。そして演出家と打ち合わせることによって、脚本に提示されているものをより高度なイメージにつくりかえて舞台スケッチを描く。稽古(けいこ)の過程で修正や変更などがなされ、装置製作のための道具帳とよばれるデザイン図が作成される。これは実際の舞台をみるように描かれた精密な予想図で、おもに40~50分の1の縮小による平面図や部分図とともに道具製作に回される。実物大にできあがった装置は舞台稽古のために劇場に組み立てられ、俳優や衣装、照明などと最終的な調整がなされて、初日を迎えることになる。 今日、演劇や舞踊など舞台芸術はさまざまな場所で上演される。国立、公立の劇場から、民間や個人の劇場や演劇スペースにとどまらず、工場や倉庫、寺社や広場などのスペースを利用した仮設の舞台のように、固定の劇場以外での上演形態も多くなった。しかし基本的には、舞台装置というものの「場」は「演じるスペース」と「見るスペース」によって成立することに変わりはない。そしてその「場」にふさわしい装置を、作品のテーマにのっとって用意することが求められている。さらに現代では、舞台表現の多様化とともにテクノロジーや製作技術のデジタル化へと進歩も著しく、舞台照明の発展とともに舞台装置の新しい時代へと入っている。 [石井強司] 『河野国夫著『舞台装置の仕事』(1954・未来社)』▽『根岸正晃他著『舞台美術の実際』(1978・美術出版社)』▽『H・B・マイヤー、E・C・コール著、小泉嘉四郎訳『舞台装置技術全書』(1978・日本放送出版協会)』▽『高田一郎著『高田一郎の舞台美術入門』(1982・レクラム社)』▽『朝倉摂著『舞台空間のすべて』(2000・PARCO出版局)』▽『緒方規矩子著、栗山昌良・佐藤信・田中一光編『舞台衣裳のデザイン』(2001・六耀社)』▽『妹尾河童著『河童が語る舞台裏おもて』(文春文庫)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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