Stage - Butai

Japanese: 舞台 - ぶたい
Stage - Butai

The stage is a structure where performers perform their acts, and is one of the important components of a theater. Since the origins of theater can be traced back to religious rites and festivals, the origins of the stage can also be traced back to the specific setting of a place for dance and narrative dramas performed during such events. Initially, it was sufficient to have a fixed place for the performance, but as the ritual nature of the theater faded and dance and theater became more independent as performing arts, the audience seats were fixed and the theater format was established, and the stage also became a fixed entity that was operated in relation to the audience seats. At first, the theater was simply a place where people surrounded the performance on flat ground to watch, but the stage was raised to make it easier to see, and conversely, the audience seats were raised like in ancient Greek theaters, and it developed from temporary constructions to permanent spaces, and from outdoors to indoor spaces.

Theater stages can be broadly divided into two types: overhanging stages and frame stages. The former are stages that jut out into the audience seats, and as a rule have no curtains, with scene changes and other events taking place in front of the audience. The latter are structured in such a way that a frame-like structure called a proscenium arch separates the stage from the audience seats, and a curtain can be used to block the stage space from the audience's eyes if necessary. Stages are generally constructed with a single flat surface, but there are also examples of multi-layered, three-dimensional structures, such as those in Chinese imperial theaters or Elizabethan stages in England.

Stages around the world generally evolve from a raised stage to a framed stage, but the latter style was first established in Europe in Italy in the early 17th century. This style became mainstream in theaters thereafter, but in the 20th century, a movement to integrate the stage and the audience led to a revival of the raised stage or a style in which the audience seats surround the stage, and many attempts have been made to achieve this, especially in avant-garde theater.

A uniquely Japanese stage form is the Noh stage, with a bridge over an overhanging stage. It is thought that its origins lie in the passageway from the waiting room to the dance hall during Shinto rituals, but the development of this section as a performance space with its own time and space can be said to be a unique idea in the history of global theater. The hanamichi (walkway) on the Kabuki stage is said to have originated as a temporary structure for patrons to give gifts of hana (congratulatory gifts), but it has ultimately come to become another performance space that penetrates the audience seats. These ideas have attracted the attention of theatrical innovation movements around the world since the early 20th century.

Of course, the stage is not enough to provide just the space for the actors to perform, which can be seen from the audience seats: it also requires left and right wings and a vast space at the back to accommodate the equipment used for scene changes, and a high, atrium space called a fly loft above that for lighting and other equipment. Also, devices such as raised platforms and revolving stages are often installed, but Japanese Kabuki theaters developed these in the mid-18th century, and the revolving stage invented by Namiki Shozo in 1758 (8th year of the Horeki era) is said to have been developed about 150 years before Europe.

[Tadashi Yokoyama]

[References] | Theater | Proscenium arch | Revolving stage

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

舞台は演技者が演技を行う場として設けられる構築物であり、劇場の重要な構成要素の一つである。演劇の起源が神事、祭事に求められるゆえに、舞台の起源もまたそうした行事に際して行われる舞踏、物語劇のための特定の場の設定に求められよう。当初は演技のための場所さえ確定すればよかったものが、祭祀(さいし)性が薄れ、舞踏や演劇の芸能としての自立が促進されるにつれて、観客席が固定化されて劇場形式が成立し、舞台もまた固定されたものとして観客席との関連において営まれるものとなる。初めはただ平地で演じられるものを周囲から取り囲んで見物する形から、見やすくするために舞台を高くしたり、逆に古代ギリシア劇場のように観客席を高くとることが行われ、さらには仮設の構築から常設の空間へ、また屋外から屋内の空間へと発展していった。

 劇場における舞台のあり方は、張出し舞台と額縁舞台とに大別できる。前者は舞台が観客席の中に突き出したものであり、原則として幕がなく、場面の転換なども観客の面前で行われる。後者はプロセニアム・アーチとよばれる額縁状の構築で舞台と観客席を分かつもので、必要に応じて幕によって舞台空間を観客の目から遮ることができる構造になっている。また舞台は唯一の平面から構成されるのが一般的だが、中国の宮廷劇場、あるいはイギリスのエリザベス朝の舞台のように、層を重ねた立体的な構成をとる例もある。

 世界各地の舞台は一般に張出し舞台から額縁舞台へと展開するが、ヨーロッパで後者の形式が初めて確立したのは、17世紀初めのイタリアにおいてであった。以後この形式が劇場における舞台の主流となるが、20世紀に入ると、舞台と観客の一体化を求める運動から、ふたたび張出し舞台、あるいは舞台の周囲を観客席が取り巻く形式が復活し、前衛的な演劇を中心に多くの試みが行われている。

 日本独特の舞台形式としては、張出し舞台に橋懸(はしがか)りがつく能舞台がある。この起源は神事における控えの部屋から舞処(まいど)への通路にあると思われるが、この部分を独自の時間と空間に属する演技空間として開発したのは、世界の舞台の歴史においても際だった発想といえよう。歌舞伎舞台(かぶきぶたい)の花道は、ひいき客がはな(祝儀)を贈るための仮設の構築に始まるというが、結果的にはこれも観客席を貫くもう一つの演技空間となるに至っている。これらのアイデアは、20世紀初頭以来、世界の演劇革新の運動が着目するところとなった。

 舞台は、もちろん観客席から見える俳優の演技空間のみでは不十分で、場面転換の装置などを収容するために左右の袖(そで)、また奥に広大な空間を必要とし、さらに照明などの設備のためにフライロフトとよぶ高い吹抜けの空間をその上部に必要とする。また、せり上げや回り舞台といった仕掛けが設置されることも多いが、日本の歌舞伎劇場はこれらを18世紀中葉に開発しており、とくに1758年(宝暦8)並木正三(しょうざ)考案の回り舞台は、ヨーロッパに150年ほど先駆けての開発とされている。

[横山 正]

[参照項目] | 劇場 | プロセニアム・アーチ | 回り舞台

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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