Martial Arts Mirror

This refers to a directory of daimyo, hatamoto, and shogunate officials published during the Edo period. They are also called "Daimyo Bukekan," "Hatamoto Bukekan" ("Kokuji Bunmeishu"), and "Oyaku Bukekan," respectively, and were published by private bookshops. They are different in type from the "Bungencho" compiled by the shogunate. The typical format was a vertical book of four volumes on half-sized paper (Volumes 1 and 2 were "Daimyo-shu," Volume 3 was "Goyakunin-shu," and Volume 4 was "Nishi Omaru-zuki"), but there were also folded books and pocket books. In the case of a daimyo, it lists the original surname, home country, family tree, name, seating order, family headship, official rank, concubine, eldest son, attendance at daimyo's residence, timely tributes, family crest, spear seal, sash, land area, family temple, vassals, rice yield, fief, distance, and successive castle lords. In the case of a hatamoto, it lists the original surname, home country, family crest, rice yield, land area, surname and name. In the case of an official, it lists the name of the position, control, position, official rank, the official name and the father's name, rice yield, previous job, division of duties, year of appointment, vassals, land area, family crest, spear seal, etc.

Around the time of the Kan'ei and Shoho eras (1624-1648), when the feudal domain system was established, simpler books began to appear, and shortly after the Meireki fire (1657), "Daimyo Gomon Zukushi" and "Edo Kagami" were published, establishing the format of future Buke Kanji. The name "Buke Kanji" is said to have first appeared in "Honcho Buke Kanji" published by Shokai in 1685 (Jokyo 2). Immediately after this, during the Genroku period (1688-1704), publication suddenly became popular, but from the Kyoho period (1716-1736) onwards, it became representative of Buke Kanji with the year in the title published by the large book publisher Suharaya, and "Taisei Buke Kanji" published by the Shogunate calligrapher Izumoji. Many people bought these books, including commoners who wanted to quickly obtain information about samurai society, and samurai on duty in Edo who wanted to take a copy home with them as a souvenir. However, because they were privately published and there were limitations to the amount of corrections that could be made each time there was a personnel transfer or change of residence, the contents tended to lack accuracy. Nevertheless, today they are often used in research on samurai society, and some copies have been printed in print.

[Kitahara Akio]

"Hashimoto Hiroshi, editor, "Daibukan," complete set of 13 volumes (1935, Taikyosha; reprint edition, complete set of 3 volumes, 1965, Meisaku Kankokai)" ▽ "Ishii Ryosuke, supervised, "Bunka Bukan," complete set of 7 volumes (1981-1982, Kashiwa Shobo)" ▽ "Ishii Ryosuke, supervised, "Bunsei Bukan," complete set of 5 volumes (1982-1992, Kashiwa Shobo)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

江戸時代に刊行された大名・旗本・幕府役人の名鑑をいう。それぞれ「大名武鑑」、「旗本武鑑」（『国字分名集(こくじぶんめいしゅう)』）、「御役(おやく)武鑑」とも称し、民間の書肆(しょし)によって刊行された。幕府編纂(へんさん)の「分限(ぶんげん)帳」とは類を異にする。体裁は半紙半截(はんせつ)の縦本(たてぼん)4冊（巻1・巻2は「御大名衆」、巻3は「御役人衆」、巻四は「西御丸附(にしおまるづき)」）を典型とし、ほかに折本(おりほん)や懐中(かいちゅう)本などがあった。そこには大名の場合は、本姓、本国、系図、姓名、席次、家督、官位、内室、嫡子(ちゃくし)、参勤、時献上、家紋、槍印(やりじるし)、纏(まとい)、屋敷地、菩提寺(ぼだいじ)、家臣、石高(こくだか)、封地、里程、城主歴代、旗本の場合は本姓、本国、家紋、石高、屋敷地、姓名、役人の場合は役名、支配、役席、役高、本人および父親の姓名、石高、前職、分掌、就任年次、家臣、屋敷地、家紋、槍印などが記載されている。

　幕藩体制の確立する寛永(かんえい)・正保(しょうほう)（1624～48）のころから内容の簡単なものがみえ始め、明暦(めいれき)の大火（1657）後まもなく『大名御紋尽(ごもんづくし)』『江戸鑑(かがみ)』が刊行されて、後世武鑑の体裁が整った。『武鑑』の名称も、1685年（貞享2）松会刊行の『本朝武鑑』を初見とするという。この直後の元禄(げんろく)年間（1688～1704）その刊行はにわかに盛んとなるが、享保(きょうほう)（1716～36）以降、大書肆須原(すはら)屋刊行の年号を表題に付した武鑑、幕府御書物師出雲寺(いずもじ)刊行の『大成武鑑』に代表されるようになる。武家社会の情報をてっとり早く得たい庶民、国元への土産(みやげ)にしたい江戸勤番の武士など、買い求める者は多かった。しかし、私版であるうえに人事異動や屋敷替えなどその都度(つど)の訂正には限界もあり、記載内容には正確さを欠くきらいがあった。それでも今日、武家社会の研究にしばしば利用され、活字化されたものもある。

［北原章男］

『橋本博編『大武鑑』全13冊（1935・大洽社／復刻版・全3巻・1965・名著刊行会）』▽『石井良助監修『文化武鑑』全7巻（1981～1982・柏書房）』▽『石井良助監修『文政武鑑』全5巻（1982～1992・柏書房）』

出典　小学館　日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について　情報 | 凡例