Phonon - phonon (English spelling)

Japanese: フォノン - ふぉのん(英語表記)phonon
Phonon - phonon (English spelling)

This refers to a quantum of energy generated by the quantization of atomic (ion) vibrations in a solid. It is also called an acoustic quantum or phonon. Atoms in a solid are arranged in a regular pattern, but they are not stationary in their respective positions, but are constantly vibrating around them. The vibrations are transmitted from atom to atom, propagating through the solid as a kind of wave. This type of motion of atoms in a solid is called lattice vibration. The frequency ν of lattice vibration varies depending on whether it is a longitudinal or transverse wave, and on the wavelength. According to quantum mechanics, vibrations are quantized, and the energy of the vibration is ( n +1/2) h ν
( h is Planck's constant, n is the quantum number of vibration and is either 0 or a positive integer) and can only take on discrete values. Apart from the energy (1/2) of the ground state ( n = 0), the energy is an integer multiple of , so a vibrational state of quantum number n can be understood as having n "particles" of energy . These "particles" are called phonons. They are similar to photons, particles that arise from the quantization of light. They are named after the prefix phon, which means sound, and refer to the particles of sound waves that travel through solids.

Phonons play various roles in the properties of solids. In insulators, the specific heat at low temperatures can be explained as the excitation of phonons, and heat conduction can be understood as the flow of phonons. In metals, phonons interact strongly with the conduction electrons, hindering their motion and causing electrical resistance. In addition, an attractive force acts between electrons through the medium of phonons. It is this force that causes metals such as lead and mercury to become superconducting at low temperatures.

[Yosuke Nagaoka]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

固体における原子(イオン)振動の量子化によって生じるエネルギー量子をいう。音響量子、音子ともいう。固体の原子は規則的な配列をしているが、それぞれの位置に静止しているのではなく、その周りで絶えず振動している。振動は原子から原子へと次々に伝わり、一種の波として固体内を伝播(でんぱ)する。固体原子が行うこのような運動を格子振動という。格子振動の振動数νは、縦波、横波の別や、波長に依存していろいろな値をとる。量子力学によると、振動は量子化され、振動のエネルギーは
  (n+1/2)hν
hはプランク定数、nは振動の量子数で、0または正の整数)というとびとびの値しかとりえない。基底状態(n=0)のエネルギー(1/2)hνを別にすれば、エネルギーはhνの整数倍になるから、量子数nの振動状態はエネルギーhνの「粒子」がn個存在するものとして理解できる。この「粒子」をフォノンという。これは、光の量子化により生じる粒子、フォトン(光子)と似た存在である。固体を伝わる音波の粒子という意味で、音を表す接頭語フォン(phon)からこのように名づけられた。

 フォノンは固体の性質にいろいろな役割を果たす。絶縁体においては、低温の比熱はフォノンの励起として説明され、熱伝導はフォノンの流れとして理解できる。金属では、フォノンは伝導電子と強く相互作用しており、電子の運動を妨げて、電気抵抗の原因になる。また、電子間にはフォノンの媒介によって引力が働く。鉛や水銀などの金属が低温で超伝導になる原因はこの力にある。

[長岡洋介]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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