British chemist and engineer. Famous for the industrial production of the synthetic dye mauve and the discovery of the Perkin reaction. One of the pioneers of the modern organic chemical industry. Born in London. Studied under Hoffmann at the Royal School of Chemistry and later served as his assistant. He had a small laboratory at home and conducted various chemical experiments. At the age of 18, while attempting to synthesize quinine from aniline, he accidentally discovered a beautiful red-purple compound (1856). It was not a new discovery, but it was such a beautiful substance that he patented it for use as a dye. This is what we call mauve. He then came up with the idea of industrially producing mauve, and after retiring from school, he built a factory in Greenford. The manufacturing process involves refining, nitrating, reducing, oxidizing, and refining crude benzene, and there were many difficulties encountered in industrialization for the first time. In this work, Perkin demonstrated his skills as an engineer to a great extent. This was the beginning of the synthetic dye industry in Britain. In 1869, he synthesized the dye alizarin from anthracene and applied for a patent, but he was one day behind Germans Grebe and others and failed to obtain patent rights in continental Europe. This fact showed that the German synthetic dye industry was finally catching up with Britain. After this, in 1874, he quit dye manufacturing and returned to being a chemist. As a chemist, in 1875, he discovered a method for synthesizing aromatic unsaturated acids by reacting aromatic aldehydes and sodium fatty acid with acetic anhydride (Perkin reaction). He also used this method to synthesize coumarin, the fragrant component of cherry blossom leaves. This was a precedent for the synthesis of natural fragrances. He also pioneered important areas of organic chemistry, such as the relationship between the structure of a compound and its optical rotation in a magnetic field, and achieved great success as a chemist. In 1906, the 50th anniversary of the discovery of mauve was celebrated, and he was awarded medals by the German and French chemical societies, and the title of Sir by the British. His two sons, William Henry Perkin Jr. (1860-1929) and Arthur George Perkin (1861-1937), were also organic chemists. [Junji Kawamata] [References] | | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イギリスの化学者、技術者。合成染料モーブの工業的製造、パーキン反応の発見で有名。近代有機化学工業の創生期の担い手の一人。ロンドンの生まれ。王立化学学校でホフマンに学び、のちにその助手をつとめた。自宅にも小実験室をもち、種々の化学実験を行った。18歳のときに、アニリンからキニーネの合成を試みている最中、偶然に美しい赤紫色の化合物を発見した(1856)。それは新発見ではなかったが、あまりにもきれいな物質であったので、染料としての利用を考えて特許をとった。それがいわゆるモーブである。さらに彼はモーブの工業的製造を思い立ち、学校を退職してグリーンフォードに工場を建設した。製造工程は粗製ベンゼンの精製・ニトロ化・還元・酸化・精製からなり、初めての工業化が出会うさまざまな困難がそこにあった。その仕事にパーキンは、彼の技術者としての力量を大いに発揮した。これがイギリスにおける合成染料工業の始めであった。ついで1869年にはアントラセンから染料アリザリンを合成し、特許を申請した。しかしドイツ人グレーベらに1日の後れをとり、ヨーロッパ大陸における特許権の掌握に失敗した。この事実は、ドイツの合成染料工業がようやくイギリスに肉迫したことを物語るものであった。 このあと1874年に彼は染料の製造をやめ、化学者に戻った。化学者の仕事としては、1875年に芳香族アルデヒドと脂肪酸ナトリウムに無水酢酸を作用させて芳香族不飽和酸を合成する方法(パーキン反応)を発見した。またこの方法によってサクラの葉の芳香成分であるクマリンを合成した。これは天然香料合成の先例である。さらに化合物の構造と磁場における旋光性との関係などの有機化学の重要な分野を開拓して、化学者として大成した。1906年にはモーブ発見50年祭が催され、ドイツ、フランスの化学会から賞牌(しょうはい)、イギリスからサーの称号が贈られた。2人の息子ウィリアムWilliam Henry Perkin Jr.(1860―1929)とアーサーArthur George Perkin(1861―1937)も有機化学者である。 [川又淳司] [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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