A phenomenon in plants where small areas of different colors exist within an otherwise uniformly colored part, forming a pattern. Leaves are generally uniformly green, but often have white or yellow parts, or may have red, purple, orange, or other patterns (such as in coleus, balsam, and arrowroot). Variegation can also be found on petals, stems, and seed coats other than leaves. Many variegated plants exist in nature, but many are cultivated as horticultural plants for their beauty and rarity. There are several types of variegation, and in the horticultural world, each type has a name. These include marginal rings, where only the edges are a different color; stripes, which have vertical stripes; cut variegation, which is broadly divided into two colors with a straight border; tiger stripes, which have several horizontal stripes with slightly irregular borders; and scattered variegation, where small areas of different color are scattered like spots. The mechanisms by which variegation occurs include areas that lack chlorophyll becoming white, areas that show a different color due to the distribution of pigments other than chlorophyll, areas that have normal pigments but appear white or other different colors in reflected light due to deformations such as the presence of abundant intercellular spaces under the epidermis or the enlargement of epidermal cells, and combinations of these. Variegation can also be caused by viral infections or environmental conditions such as temperature and light, but it is more often genetic. Genetic causes include Mendelian inheritance by nuclear genes, non-Mendelian inheritance by nuclear genes such as mutable genes, and cytoplasmic inheritance by genes contained in the chloroplasts themselves, and the mechanisms behind these are complex. [Fukuda Taiji] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
植物において、普通ならば均一な色を呈する部分のなかに、色の異なる小部分が存在して模様をなす現象。葉は一般に均一な緑色であるが、部分的に白色や黄色となっていることも多いし、赤、紫、橙(とう)色などの模様が入っていることもある(コリウス、ハゲイトウ、クズウコンなど)。また、葉以外の花弁、茎、種皮などにも斑入りの例がある。斑入りの植物は天然にもいろいろ存在するが、美しさと珍しさのために園芸植物として栽培されるものが多い。 斑の入り方にはいくつかの型があり、園芸界では各型に名がつけられている。すなわち、周辺部だけが異色となる覆輪、縦縞(じま)の模様をなす条斑(すじふ)、直線的な境界線によって二色に大別される切斑(きりふ)、やや不規則な境界線によって何本かの横縞ができる虎斑(とらふ)、細かい異色部が斑点(はんてん)状に散在する散斑(ちりふ)などである。斑入りの生ずる機構としては、クロロフィルを欠く部分が白色となる、クロロフィル以外の色素の分布で異色を呈する、色素は正常であるのに表皮の下に豊富な細胞間隙(かんげき)が存在したり表皮細胞が巨大化するなどの変形によって反射光線ではその部分が白などの異色にみえるなどのほか、これらの複合があげられる。また、斑入りの原因としては、ウイルスの感染や温度・光などの環境条件もあるが、むしろ遺伝的なものが多い。遺伝的な原因のなかには、核内遺伝子によってメンデル式に遺伝する場合のほか、核内遺伝子であっても易変遺伝子などによって非メンデル式に遺伝する場合、葉緑体自身のもつ遺伝子によって細胞質遺伝をする場合などがあり、その仕組みは複雑である。 [福田泰二] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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