A form of parameter estimation in mathematical statistics, as opposed to point estimation. It is done by making the proposition that the parameter θ is within a certain interval determined from a sample. This proposition may or may not actually be true, but if the reliability of its truth is probability α, it is called a confidence interval (for θ) with confidence coefficient α. For example, the confidence interval for the mean θ of a normal population based on samples x1 , x2 , ..., xn with a confidence coefficient of 0.95 is . Here, (note that σ2 is the variance of the normal population, and its value is known). The upper and lower ends of the confidence interval are called the confidence limits. It is desirable for a confidence interval to have a large confidence coefficient and a short length, but it is difficult to satisfy both requirements at the same time. Also, we do not tell you where θ is in this interval. The meaning of the confidence coefficient is usually that if you create a confidence interval 100 times, about 100α times will truly include θ, but there has been some debate about this. In the above example, if σ 2 is not known, we can substitute the sample variance s 2 and use the t- distribution to obtain confidence intervals. In this way, confidence intervals for various θ can be obtained using various distributions and are applied in various fields. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
数理統計学における母数推定の一形式。点推定に対する。母数 θ が,標本から決定されるある区間の中にある,という命題を立てることにより行われる。この命題は,実際に真であることも偽であることもあるが,真であることの信頼性が確率αとなるならば,信頼係数αの ( θ の) 信頼区間といわれる。たとえば,標本 x1,x2,…,xn に基づく,正規母集団の平均 θ の,信頼係数 0.95の信頼区間は である。ここに (なお,σ2 は正規母集団の分散で,値は既知とする) 。信頼区間の上・下端を信頼限界という。信頼区間は,信頼係数が大きく,かつ長さが短いものが望ましいが,2つの要求を同時に満足することはむずかしい。また,θ がこの区間の中のさらにどこにあるかは教えない。信頼係数の意味は,通常たとえば 100回信頼区間をつくれば,100α回程度が真に θ を中に含むということであるが,これについては従来から論争がある。上の例で,σ2 が既知でない場合は,標本分散 s2 で代用し,t 分布を用いることによって,信頼区間を得ることができる。このように,種々の θ の信頼区間が種々の分布を用いて求められ,諸分野で応用されている。
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