A philosopher who founded German idealism. [Mamoru Takayama March 19, 2015] LifeHe was born on May 19th in Rammenau, a small village in Saxony. As the son of a linen weaver, he lived in desperate poverty and studied theology, philosophy, law, etc. at the universities of Jena and Leipzig from 1780. He was deeply moved by the French Revolution in 1789, and by chance came across Kant's philosophy, which made an impression on him. In 1791 he visited Kant in Königsberg, and the following year, in 1792, with Kant's help, he published Versuch einer Kritik aller Offenbarung (An Attempt at the Criticism of All Revelation), which brought him instant fame. In 1794, he was invited to the University of Jena, where he published his major works, including The Foundations of the Science of All Knowledge. He was later accused of atheism and left Jena in 1799, living mainly in Berlin. In 1800 he published "The Mission of Man," and the following year in 1801 he unveiled a new concept for the "science of knowledge." It was around this time that he developed a deeper religious and ethnic inclination, transitioning into what is known as his later thought. In 1806 he published "Instructions for a Pure Life." In 1807, in occupied Berlin after its defeat by Napoleon, he delivered his famous lecture "Address to the German People" (1808), in which he preached about the independence of Germany and the reconstruction of its culture. In 1810 he became a professor at the University of Berlin when it was founded, and the following year in 1811 he became its first rector. He died on January 27, 1814, after contracting typhus from his wife, who was nursing wounded soldiers. [Mamoru Takayama March 19, 2015] ThoughtIn the 1790s, Kant's philosophy permeated the fields of German thought, literature, and scholarship, creating a whirlpool of evaluation, acceptance, and criticism. From this, Fichte emerged with a substance comparable to that of Kant. He inherited Kant's viewpoint of the "primacy of practical reason" and carried it through to completion. In this way, he attempted to clarify the ultimate basis for the establishment of all theoretical and practical sciences. This is where the "science of knowledge," which Fichte devoted his energy to constructing as a system throughout his life, was established. The science of knowledge is based on simply certain knowledge, that is, the self-consciousness that "I exist." The self is a practical subject that exists simply in acting freely. This is called "act" (Tathandlung). The self/act is at the root of the facts that are the foundation of scholarship and all knowledge, and is the fundamental activity that establishes them. In other words, all facts, whether subjective or objective, are the product of the practical activity of the self and action. The science of knowledge provides the basis for all academic disciplines, and even for knowledge in general, by systematizing the nature of the self and action. However, in his later thought, which became significantly more religious, this science of knowledge shifted its base from the self to the absolute. In 1801, 1806, 1810, and 1812, Fichte repeatedly revised his work, making it clear that the ultimate basis of all academic disciplines, knowledge, and the self resides in the absolute, God. Fichte's philosophy is primarily concerned with his early science of knowledge, but in recent years, his later science of knowledge has also begun to be recognized as having its own significance from an ontological point of view. [Mamoru Takayama March 19, 2015] "43 World Masterpieces: Fichte and Other Works" translated by Iwasaki Takeo (1980, Chuokoron-Shinsha)" ▽ "The Foundations of the Science of Knowledge" translated by Kimura Motoei (Iwanami Bunko)" ▽ "A Message to the German People" translated by Otsu Yasushi (Iwanami Bunko)" ▽ "Fichte's Political Philosophy" by Nanbara Shigeru (1959, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "A Study of Fichte's Science of Knowledge" by Kumamoto Tadataka (1970, Kyodo Publishing)" ▽ "Fichte Studies" by Omine Tsuyoshi (1976, Sobunsha)" ▽ "The Differences between Fichte and Schelling by Hegel, translated by Toda Hiroki (1980, Koron-Shinsha)" ▽ "The Restoration of Reason: The Differences between the Philosophical Systems of Fichte and Schelling by Hegel, translated by Yamaguchi Hirohiro (1982, Enviel / 1985 / New Edition, 1994, Hihyo-Shinsha)" [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ドイツ観念論を創始した哲学者。 [高山 守 2015年3月19日] 生涯5月19日、ザクセン地方の寒村ランメナウに生まれる。麻織り職人の子として絶望的な貧窮のなかで、1780年よりイエナおよびライプツィヒ大学において、神学、哲学、法学等を学ぶ。1789年のフランス革命に感激し、偶然カント哲学に接して感銘を受ける。1791年ケーニヒスベルクにカントを訪問、翌1792年カントの助力によって『あらゆる啓示の批判の試み』Versuch einer Kritik aller Offenbarungが出版され、一躍名声を博す。1794年イエナ大学に招聘(しょうへい)され、ここで『全知識学の基礎』等の主要著作を公にする。その後、無神論のかどで非難されて1799年イエナを去り、主としてベルリンに在住する。1800年『人間の使命』を出版、翌1801年には「知識学」の新たな構想を披瀝(ひれき)、このころを境に宗教的・民族的傾向を深め、いわゆる後期思想へと変転する。1806年『浄福な生への指教』公刊。1807年、ナポレオンに敗れた占領下のベルリンで、有名な『ドイツ国民に告ぐ』(1808)を講演し、ドイツの民族独立と文化の再建を説いた。1810年ベルリン大学創設とともに教授就任、翌1811年初代総長となる。1814年1月27日、傷病兵の看護に従事していた妻からチフスに感染し、死去した。 [高山 守 2015年3月19日] 思想1790年代、カントの哲学はドイツの思想、文学、学問の諸領域にあまねく浸透し、評価、受容、批判の渦を巻き起こした。このなかからフィヒテは、カントにも匹敵するほどの内実をもって登場した。彼は、「実践理性の優位」というカントの観点を引き継ぎ、これを徹底する。それによって、理論的、実践的な諸学のいっさいの究極的な成立根拠を明らかにしようとした。ここにフィヒテが生涯を通じてその体系構築に精力を傾けた「知識学」が打ち立てられる。「知識学」は、端的に確実な知識、すなわち「私は存在する」という自我意識に立脚する。自我とは自由に行為することにおいて端的に存在する実践的な主体である。これを「事行」(タートハンドルンク)とよぶ。自我・事行は、学問およびあらゆる知識の基盤である諸事実の根底に存し、それを成立させる根源的な活動である。つまり、主観的、客観的を問わず、およそいっさいの事実は、実践的な自我・事行の活動の所産なのである。「知識学」は、こうした自我・事行のあり方を体系化することによって、すべての学問の、さらには知識一般の根拠づけを行うのである。しかし、この「知識学」は、著しく宗教的な傾向を強める彼の後期思想において、やがてその立脚点を自我から絶対者へと移す。フィヒテは、1801年、1806年、1810年、1812年と推敲(すいこう)を重ねることにおいて、すべての学問・知識、それに自我の究極的な根拠が絶対者、神に存することを明確にするのである。フィヒテの哲学とは主として前期知識学をさすが、この後期知識学も近来、存在論的観点から独自の意義を認識され始めている。 [高山 守 2015年3月19日] 『岩崎武雄訳『世界の名著43 フィヒテ他集』(1980・中央公論社)』▽『木村素衛訳『全知識学の基礎』(岩波文庫)』▽『大津康訳『ドイツ国民に告ぐ』(岩波文庫)』▽『南原繁著『フィヒテの政治哲学』(1959・岩波書店)』▽『隈元忠敬著『フィヒテ知識学の研究』(1970・協同出版)』▽『大峯顕著『フィヒテ研究』(1976・創文社)』▽『ヘーゲル著、戸田洋樹訳『フィヒテとシェリングの差異』(1980・公論社)』▽『ヘーゲル著、山口裕弘訳『理性の復権――フィヒテとシェリングの哲学体系の差異』(1982・アンヴィエル/1985/新装版・1994・批評社)』 [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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