Posture

Japanese: 姿勢 - しせい
Posture

Posture refers to the way the body is held, whether it is stationary or in motion. In the past, the terms "kamae" and "kaku" were used. In English, it is "posture." The basis of posture is the entire body's skeleton, but the muscles, ligaments, and internal organs attached to it are also involved, and posture is determined by the coordinated action of these. In particular, the spine plays a central role as the axis that determines posture. The spine is a column of more than 30 vertebrae connected by fibrous cartilage tissue called intervertebral discs. The spine flexes and extends flexibly through the action of many flexor and extensor muscles related to the spine, and posture is determined by the movement of the skeleton of the upper and lower limbs. Posture, which changes due to the activity of these skeletons and their muscles, is thought to be influenced by height, weight, age, individual differences, and regional differences. In addition, posture can differ depending on various body types, even if the skeleton and muscles move in the same way. Therefore, when it comes to determining whether a person has good or bad posture, factors such as these body types may also be taken into account in addition to the posture that has been artificially created. For example, if you compare a well-balanced, muscular, strong type, a stocky, obese type with a short, thick neck and a thick rib cage, and an asthenic type with weak muscle development and a flat rib cage, the way they take posture will be different for each.

In relation to the posture of the body, when explaining the relative positions of each part of the body anatomically or medically, there is a set anatomical position that serves as the reference position. The anatomical position is determined by standing with the feet together and the toes pointing straight forward (the so-called upright posture), the face facing forward, and the upper limbs hanging down on the outside of the trunk with the palms facing forward. If the positions of the ventral, dorsal, cranial, caudal, lateral, and medial sides are determined based on this posture, the positions of the body parts can always be expressed reliably, regardless of the posture of the body.

Postures in daily life can generally be divided into (1) standing posture, (2) sitting posture (in this case, there is the posture when sitting on a chair and the posture when sitting on the floor), and (3) sleeping posture. Each of these will be explained below.

[Kazuyo Shimai]

Standing posture

When determining whether a posture is good or bad, it is generally judged by the posture of the side when standing. In this case, according to American physiologist EC Kendall (1886-1972), a good posture is when the center of gravity of the body passes from the front of the ear through the shoulder joint, through the rib cage, the center of the abdomen, the greater trochanter of the femur, a point slightly forward of the center of the knee joint, and the front of the lateral malleolus of the foot. This posture unconsciously maintains a balance of muscle tension in each part of the body, which results in less muscle fatigue and less energy consumption throughout the body. When viewed from the entire spine in this position, the most natural spinal curvature can be seen, with lordosis of the cervical vertebrae, kyphosis of the thoracic vertebrae, lordosis of the lumbar vertebrae, and posterior-upward convexity of the sacrum and coccyx.

[Kazuyo Shimai]

Sitting posture

Of all sitting postures, sitting on a chair is probably the most common for people all over the world. A good posture when sitting on a chair is one in which the flexor and extensor muscles below the waist are not working and you are in a balanced state, but when sitting on a chair, your posture changes depending on the shape of the chair you are sitting on rather than your own will, so you are more likely to end up in an artificial posture. When sitting on a chair, it is best for your thighs to be horizontal or your knees to be slightly higher, in which case the vertical line passing through your ischial tuberosity (the protruding part of the ischial bone that comes into contact with the flat surface of the chair) should be forward of your center of gravity.

The posture when sitting on the floor is basically the same as when sitting on a chair, but when sitting on the floor, the posture changes depending on how the lower legs are bent and crossed. The so-called seiza is considered the most natural posture, but since weight is placed on the lower legs, stagnation of blood circulation in the lower limbs is unavoidable, and extreme bending of the knee joints adds excessive tension to the muscles and tendons, so sitting for long periods of time inevitably leads to poor posture. Crossing the lower legs with the big toes lightly overlapping and the buttocks between the heels is a stable and good posture when sitting on the floor. Sitting with the pelvis crossed so that the soles of the feet completely overlap will make the pelvis higher, making it less stable and causing problems with the balance of the muscles below the waist. Also, sitting with the lower legs completely open and the buttocks touching the floor will cause the pelvis to drop too far, resulting in an imbalance of muscle tone. Sitting cross-legged is more stable than this, but because both femurs are abducted significantly and the lower legs are flexed and abducted, twisting the entire lower leg occurs and unnatural tension is placed on the hip and knee joints.

[Kazuyo Shimai]

Sleeping position

Sleeping postures are affected by the shape of the floor or bed, so like sitting on a chair, they are heavily influenced by artificial factors. Common sleeping positions include the supine position, prone position, and lateral position, but there are also other special positions taken during medical treatment. These include the knee-chest position, in which the chest is on the floor while on all fours, the knee-elbow position, in which the entire forearm is on the floor while on all fours, and the dorsosacral position, in which the thighs are vertically raised and abducted while lying on one's back and the lower legs are bent to a horizontal height. Because people often adopt a passive posture while sleeping, using a high pillow while lying on one's back causes the neck to bend forward, which causes shoulder muscle tension and leads to stiff shoulders. In addition, since the neck is in a lateral bending position when lying on one's side, it is a good idea to adjust the height of the pillow so that the neck is aligned with the spinal axis. In addition, a bed that is too soft will emphasize these postures, which will put pressure on the internal organs and hinder the functioning of the heart and lungs, making the body more likely to remain physically fatigued.

Since humans adopted an upright walking lifestyle, their body shape has become significantly different from other vertebrates. Furthermore, body shape differs according to age, sex, and race, and posture resulting from body shape, which varies greatly from person to person, also varies widely. However, it cannot be denied that the changes in lifestyle that have occurred with the development of civilized society have had a new impact on changes in human posture.

[Kazuyo Shimai]

Upright posture and human

With very few exceptions, the trunk of an animal is basically horizontal both when active and at rest, but when active, the trunk of a human is erect and the knees are extended. This is called an upright posture, and walking with this posture is called upright bipedal walking. Terrestrial vertebrates generally have four limbs, which allow for stable forward movement. An upright posture is mechanically unstable, and places a gravitational burden on the lower body parts, but each organ in the human body has a form and function suitable for upright standing, and maintains balance of the entire body. The upright posture is the fundamental characteristic that makes humans human. To maintain an upright posture, the human spine is slightly curved in an S-shape, acting as a spring. The pelvis that supports the upper body is wide, and the iliac wings are also wide. The cross section of the thorax is an oval shape that is long from side to side. The lower limbs, especially the thighs, are long. The feet are long from front to back, and when standing upright, the heels touch the ground. The upper limbs are freed from forward movement and each joint has more freedom of movement, allowing us to make, use, and carry tools. Furthermore, most of our human characteristics, including our large brains, result from our upright posture.

On the other hand, when standing upright, the internal organs are stacked one on top of the other, leading to phenomena of maladaptation to the burden of gravity, such as gastroptosis. Elderly people tend to have a hunched posture. Apes normally walk on all fours, but because their forelimbs are long, their trunks are tilted. This is called standing semi-erect. The trunks of monkeys are upright when they sleep. However, humans sleep on their sides. Also, when they are emotionally excited, they adopt a slightly arched posture, and when they are depressed, they tend to look down.

[Shise Kahara]

[Reference] | Sitting | Standing
Good and bad posture
©Shogakukan ">

Good and bad posture


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

身体が静止している状態、運動している状態のいかんにかかわらず、身体の保つようすをさして姿勢という。古くは「構え」とか「格」という表現が用いられた。英語ではpostureがこれにあたる。姿勢の基本をつくるのは全身の骨格であるが、これに付着する筋肉、靭帯(じんたい)および内臓器官などが関係し、これらの協調作用によって姿勢が決められる。とくにそのなかで脊柱(せきちゅう)は姿勢を形成する軸として中心的な役割を果たしている。脊柱は、三十数個の椎骨(ついこつ)が、それぞれ椎間板という線維性軟骨組織で連結された柱である。脊柱は、脊柱に関係する多数の屈筋・伸筋の働きによって柔軟に屈伸するが、これに上肢・下肢の骨格の動きが加わって姿勢がつくられる。これらの骨格とその筋肉の活動によって変化する姿勢は、身長差、体重差、年齢差、個体差、地域差、などの影響も受けると考えられる。また、種々の体型の違いによって、骨格や筋肉が同じ動きをしても姿勢が異なってくる場合がある。したがって、姿勢がよい・悪いという場合には、人為的につくられた姿勢のほかに、こうした体型を中心とした要素が加味されることもある。たとえば、均整のとれた筋肉質の筋力型、頸(くび)が太くて短く、胸郭の厚いずんぐりした肥満型、筋肉の発達が弱くて胸郭が扁平(へんぺい)な無力性体型を比較すると、姿勢のとり方もそれぞれに違ってくるわけである。

 身体の姿勢に関連して、身体の各部位の位置関係を解剖学的にあるいは医学的に説明する場合には、基準位となる解剖学的位置が決められている。解剖学的位置は、足をそろえてつまさきをまっすぐ前方に向けて立つ姿勢(いわゆる直立不動の姿勢)をとり、顔面は正面に向け、上肢は体幹の外側に垂らしたままで手掌を前方に向けた状態で決められる。この姿勢に基づいて腹側、背側、頭側、尾側、あるいは外側、内側の位置を決めておけば、身体がどのような姿勢をとっても、身体の部位の位置はつねに確実に表現することができる。

 日常生活における姿勢は一般的には、(1)立つ姿勢、(2)座る姿勢、この場合には椅子(いす)に座った場合の姿勢と、床に座った場合の姿勢とがある、(3)寝る姿勢、に分けられよう。以下、それぞれについて説明する。

[嶋井和世]

立つ姿勢

立つ姿勢で姿勢がよい・悪いというときは、一般的には立っている側面の姿勢によって判断される。この場合、よい姿勢とは、アメリカの生理学者ケンドルE. C. Kendall(1886―1972)によると、身体の重心線が耳介(じかい)の前から肩関節を通り、胸郭、腹部の中央部、大腿(だいたい)骨の大転子、膝(しつ)関節中央部のやや前方点、足の外果(ソトクルブシ)の前方に至る場合とされている。この姿勢は、身体の各部の筋肉の緊張のバランスが無意識のうちに保持される形であり、全身の筋肉の疲労も少なく、エネルギー消費も少ないことになる。この姿勢における脊柱の全景では、頸椎(けいつい)部分の前彎(わん)、胸椎部分の後彎、腰椎部分の前彎、仙骨、尾骨部分の後上方凸彎という、もっとも自然な脊柱彎曲がみられる。

[嶋井和世]

座る姿勢

座る姿勢のうち、世界中の人々にとってより日常的であるのは、椅子に座る姿勢と思われる。椅子に腰掛けた場合のよい姿勢とは、腰から下部の屈筋や伸筋が働かず、バランスのとれた状態をいうが、椅子に座る場合には自分の意志よりも座る道具の形によって姿勢も変化するため、より人工的な姿勢になりやすい。椅子に座る場合には、大腿が水平か膝(ひざ)がやや高くなるのがよく、その場合、坐骨(ざこつ)結節(椅子の平らな面に接する坐骨の突起部)を通る垂直線は重心線より前方となる。

 床に座る姿勢も、基本的には椅子に座る姿勢と同じであるが、床に座る場合は、両下腿を屈曲して組み合わせる形によって姿勢が変わる。いわゆる正座は、もっとも自然な姿勢とされるが、下腿に体重がかかるために下肢の血液循環の停滞を避けられないこと、膝関節の極度の屈曲で、筋、腱(けん)の過度の緊張が加わるなどで、長時間の座位はどうしても姿勢の崩れを生じる。両足の母指を軽く重ねる形で下腿を組み、両踵(しょう)の間に臀部(でんぶ)が挟まる座り方が、床に座る姿勢にあっては安定し、よい姿勢といえよう。両足底が完全に重なるほど組んで座ると骨盤が高位となり、安定も悪く、腰部以下の筋のバランスにも無理を生じる。また、両下腿を完全に開いて臀部を床につける座り方は、骨盤が極端に下がるため筋緊張のバランスが崩れる。これよりは、あぐらをかくという座り方がまだ安定しているが、左右の大腿骨が大きく外転し、下腿が屈曲、外転の形で組まれるため、下肢全体のねじれが生じ、股(こ)関節、膝関節にも不自然な緊張が加わることになる。

[嶋井和世]

寝る姿勢

寝る姿勢は床やベッドの形によって変形するため、椅子に座る場合と同様、人工的な要素に支配される面が強い。寝る姿勢の一般的な形としてはあおむけに寝る仰臥(ぎょうが)位、うつぶせに寝る腹臥位、横向きに寝る側臥位があるが、その他の特殊な姿勢として、医学的治療の際にとられる姿勢がある。すなわち、四つんばいの状態で胸部を床につけた姿勢である膝胸(しつきょう)位、四つんばいの状態で前腕全体を床につけた姿勢である膝肘(しつちゅう)位、仰臥の状態で大腿を垂直に立てて外転させ、下腿を水平の高さまで屈曲させる背仙(はいせん)位などである。寝ている状態では受動的な姿勢をとることが多いため、仰臥位で高い枕(まくら)を用いると、頸部の前屈位を生じ、肩の筋肉の緊張によって肩こりの原因となる。また、側臥位では頸部が側屈の状態になるので、頸部が脊柱軸に一致するように枕の高さを調節するのがよい。なお、あまり柔らかいベッドではこれらの姿勢が強調されるため、内臓の圧迫、心臓・肺臓の働きなどが妨げられ、身体の肉体的疲労が残りやすくなる。

 ヒトは立位歩行の生活様式をとるようになってから、他の脊椎動物とは体型が著しく異なるようになった。また、体型は老若男女の別によって異なるし、人種によってもかなりの差があるため、個体的差の多い体型から生じる姿勢も、同様にさまざまな変化をもっている。しかし一方では文明社会の発達に伴って生ずる生活様式の変化が、ヒトの姿勢の変化に新たな影響をもつことも否めないことである。

[嶋井和世]

直立姿勢と人間

ごくわずかの例外はあるが、動物の体幹は活動時、休息時ともに水平位を基本とするが、人間の活動時の体幹は直立し、膝(ひざ)も伸びる。これを直立姿勢といい、これによる歩行が直立二足歩行である。陸生脊椎動物は一般に四肢をもち、これで安定した前進運動を行う。直立姿勢は力学的に不安定であり、下位の体部に重力的負担がかかるが、人体の各器官は直立に適した形態・機能をもち、全身の平衡を保つ。直立姿勢こそ人間を人間たらしめた基幹的特徴である。直立姿勢維持のため、人間の脊柱は軽くS字状に曲がって、ばねの役を果たす。上半身を支える骨盤は幅広く、腸骨翼も広がっている。胸郭横断面は左右に長い楕円(だえん)形を呈す。下肢、とくに大腿が長い。足部は前後に長く、直立時、かかとは地面に接す。上肢は前進運動から解放され、各関節の動きが自由になるため、道具の製作・使用、運搬を可能にする。さらに、大きな脳を含め、人間的特徴の大半は直立姿勢に由来する。

 一方、直立時、内臓諸器官は上下に積み重なるため、胃下垂など、重力負担に対する未適応現象がみられる。老人では、姿勢は前屈しがちになる。類人猿は平生は四足歩行をするが、前肢が長いため、体幹は傾く。これを半直立という。サル類の体幹は就寝時直立する。しかし、人間は横臥して睡眠をとる。また精神的に高揚するときは反りぎみな姿勢をとり、沈潜時にはうつむき加減になる。

[香原志勢]

[参照項目] | 座る | 立つ
よい姿勢と悪い姿勢
©Shogakukan">

よい姿勢と悪い姿勢


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