Fazenda

Japanese: ファゼンダ

Refers to large Brazilian farms or ranches (called estancias in Rio Grande do Sul state). Many of them originate from the allotted land of Sesmaría under the colonial system, and there are three types depending on the era and region. (1) The oldest large farms in the northeast (Nordeste), formed in the 16th and 17th centuries. The basic production relationship is between landlords and slave labor, and sugar cane is the main crop. Cultivated land is concentrated, and the landlord's large house (casa grande), chapel, sugar factory, slave huts, etc. are located in the center. (2) Large farms in the central state of Minas Gerais, formed after the 18th century. They rely on the labor of hereditary serfs, mainly cattle breeding or coffee cultivation, and serfs live on scattered tenements and isolated houses. (3) Large farms in the state of São Paulo, formed after the 19th century. They mainly cultivate coffee and rely on the labor of colonos (contract laborers). The landowners' houses, churches, and workshops were located in the center, and the colonos' homes were concentrated nearby, forming a society called a colonia. These large farms and ranches produced goods for the outside world, but internally they were self-sufficient and closed, forming a single social unit. The large land ownership system is still maintained today, and large farms and ranches of several hundred hectares or more are called fazendas.
→ Related article Hacienda

Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

ブラジルの大農場または大農牧場（リオグランデ・ド・スル州ではエスタンシアと呼ぶ）を指す。植民地制度下における分与地セズマリアに由来するものが多く，時代，地域によって三つの類型がある。（１）16―17世紀に形成されたもっとも古い北東部（ノルデステ）の大農園。地主と奴隷労働を基本的な生産関係とし，サトウキビが主作物。耕地は集中し，地主の大邸宅（カーザ・グランデ），礼拝堂，製糖場，奴隷小屋などがその中心部にある。（２）18世紀以降形成された中部のミナス・ジェライス州の大農牧場。世襲的農奴の労働力に依拠し，牧牛またはコーヒー栽培を主とし，農奴は分散的小作地と孤立住居に居住。（３）19世紀以降形成されたサン・パウロ州の大農場。コーヒー栽培を主とし，コロノ（契約請負労働者）労働に依拠する。地主の邸宅，教会，作業場などは中心部に，コロノの住居はその付近に集中して，コロニアと呼ばれる社会を形成。これらの大農牧場は外部に対しては商品生産を行うが，内部的には自給的・閉鎖的で一つの社会単位を形成していた。現在も大土地所有制は維持され，数百ha以上の大農牧場をファゼンダと呼んでいる。
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