Factor Theorem - Insutei

Japanese: 因数定理 - いんすうていり
Factor Theorem - Insutei

A necessary and sufficient condition for a polynomial f(x) of x to have a first-order factor x-α is f(α)=0. This is called the factor theorem or division theorem. For example,
f(x) = 2x ^3 - 5x^ 2 - 4x + 3
In this case, f(3)=0, so f(x) has the factor x-3. In fact,
f(x) = (x - 3)( 2x² + x - 1)
Also,
f(x)=x 4 +ma 2 x 2 -5a 3 x+a 4
If you want to determine the value of m so that is divisible by x-a, then set f(a)=0,
(m-3) a4 = 0
That is, we get m = 3 or a = 0. This is clearly true when a is zero. When m = 3,
f(x)=(x-a)(x 3 +ax 2 +4a 2 x-a 3 )
It becomes.

The factor theorem is applied to factoring and solving equations (cubic or higher). For example, if you find the first factor of a cubic equation, you can find the other two roots by solving the quadratic equation. The factor theorem is generalized as the remainder theorem, which states that "when a polynomial f(x) of x is divided by a linear equation x-α, the remainder (constant) is equal to f(α)."

[Yoshio Takeuchi]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

xの整式f(x)が一次因数x-αをもつための必要十分条件はf(α)=0である。これを因数定理または整除定理という。たとえば、
  f(x)=2x3-5x2-4x+3
において、f(3)=0だから、f(x)は因数x-3をもつ。事実、
  f(x)=(x-3)(2x2+x-1)
となる。また、
  f(x)=x4+ma2x2-5a3x+a4
がx-aで整除される(割り切れる)ようにmの値を定めたいとき、f(a)=0と置くと、
  (m-3)a4=0
 すなわちm=3またはa=0を得る。aがゼロのときは明らかに成り立つ。m=3のときは、
  f(x)=(x-a)(x3+ax2+4a2x-a3)
となる。

 因数定理は因数分解や方程式(三次以上)の解法に応用される。たとえば三次方程式における三次式の一次因数が求められれば、ほかの2根は二次方程式を解いて求められる。因数定理の一般化として、余りの(剰余)定理がある。すなわち、「xの整式f(x)を一次式x-αで除したときの余り(定数)はf(α)に等しい」。

[竹内芳男]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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