Factorization

Japanese: 因数分解 - いんすうぶんかい
Factorization

When a polynomial is equal to the product of two or more polynomials, each polynomial that appears in the product is called a factor of the original polynomial, and expressing a given polynomial as a product of its factors is called factorizing it. For example,
2x ^3 + 4x = 2x(x ^2 + 2)
a2 - b2 = (a - b) (a + b)
The right hand side of is the factorization of the left hand side. When a factor is a number or a letter, it is called a numeric factor or letter factor. A factor that is common to all terms of a given expression is called a common factor. In the first example above, 2 is a numeric factor and x is a letter factor, and they are also common factors.

In general, factorization is done as much as possible (until each factor cannot be further factorized). For example, in the second example above, the two factors a-b and a+b cannot be further factorized. Also, in the first example, the factor x2 +2 cannot be further factorized if the coefficients are restricted to real numbers. However, if complex numbers are allowed for the coefficients, this can be further reduced.

Therefore, the extent to which it can be decomposed depends on the expression itself and the allowable range of the coefficients. Correct instructions for factorization should specify the allowable range of the coefficients, but if no such instructions are given, the convention is to assume that the range of the coefficients is the real range.

There is no general method for factoring any polynomial. Factorization methods are devised for the given expression. However, the basic factorization formulas can be applied. For example, using the formula a 2 -b 2 =(a-b)(a+b),
9x 2 -4y 4 =(3x) 2 -(2y 2 ) 2
= (3x - 2y² ) (3x + 2y² )
Also, using the formula a 2 + 2ab + b 2 = (a + b) 2,

If we consider these formulas as obtaining the left side from the right side, they become so-called multiplication formulas (or expansion formulas).

In relation to equation theory, if we allow the coefficients to be complex numbers, then we can write n-th degree algebraic equations
a 0 x n +a 1 x n-1 +...+a n-1 x+a n =0
Let the roots of be α 1 , α 2 , …, α n (including multiple roots), then
a 0 x n +a 1 x n−1 +……+a n
=a 0 (x-α 1 )(x-α 2 )……(x-α n )
is factorized as follows.

[Yoshio Takeuchi]

Factorization Formula
©Shogakukan ">

Factorization Formula


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

一つの整式が二つ以上の整式の積に等しいとき、積に現れる各整式をもとの整式の因数といい、与えられた整式をその因数の積で表すことを因数分解するという。たとえば、
  2x3+4x=2x(x2+2)
  a2-b2=(a-b)(a+b)
における右辺が左辺の因数分解である。因数が数または文字であるとき、それを数因数あるいは文字因数という。また与えられた式の各項に共通な因数を共通因数という。前記の第一の例で、2は数因数、xは文字因数であり、これらはまた共通因数でもある。

 一般に因数分解はできるだけ(各因数がそれ以上因数分解できないまで)分解することが普通である。たとえば前掲の第二の例で二つの因数a-b、a+bはもはや因数分解できない。また第一の例で因数x2+2は、係数を実数に制限すれば、もはや分解できない。しかし係数に複素数を許せば、これはさらに

と分解される。したがって、どこまで分解可能かは、式そのものと、係数の許容範囲に依存する。因数分解の正しい指示としては、係数の許容範囲を明示すべきであるが、その指示がないときは、慣行として係数の範囲を実数域とする。

 任意の整式を因数分解する一般的方法は存在しない。与えられた式に即して分解の方法がくふうされる。しかし、基本的な因数分解の公式が応用される。たとえば、公式a2-b2=(a-b)(a+b)を用いて、
  9x2-4y4=(3x)2-(2y2)2
     =(3x-2y2)(3x+2y2)
と分解される。また公式a2+2ab+b2=(a+b)2を用いて

を得る。これらの公式は右辺から左辺を得るとみなせば、いわゆる乗法公式(または展開公式)となる。

 方程式論と関連して、係数を複素数まで許せば、n次代数方程式
a0xn+a1xn-1+……+an-1x+an=0
の根をα1、α2、……、αn(重根を含めて)とすると、
  a0xn+a1xn-1+……+an
   =a0(x-α1)(x-α2)……(x-αn)
と因数分解される。

[竹内芳男]

因数分解公式
©Shogakukan">

因数分解公式


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Inns of Court

>>:  Factor Theorem - Insutei

Recommend

city

…The Japanese word toshi (city) was used in the m...

Asaza - Floating heart

A perennial aquatic plant of the Menyanthaceae fa...

Lithium chloride dew point meter

… [Dew point meter] A thermometer that measures t...

Curry,HB - Curry

…The amount of tape used is not limited in advanc...

Ladyboy

...Half of the total area is forest. The majority...

Chise (English spelling)

Ainu dwellings. A typical Hokkaido Ainu cise is a ...

Mizubee (water bee) - Mizubee (English spelling) Agriotypus gracilis

An insect of the Hymenoptera family, Ichneumonidae...

Temperate grassland - Ontaisougen (English spelling) steppe

The word steppe is often used in its original form...

Hino Sukena

Year of death: May 2, 1338 (May 21) Year of birth:...

Rostov-Suzdal Principality (English spelling)

A principality of medieval Russia that existed in ...

Mare's tail

…Perennial aquatic plant of the Equisetaceae fami...

belted plaid

…The origin of the word tartan is unknown, but in...

Mleccha (English spelling)

In ancient Indian texts, this term refers to barba...

Ishchali

… Old Babylonian art was marked by the developmen...