Gauge theory - Gauge theory

Japanese: ゲージ理論 - ゲージりろん(英語表記)gauge theory
Gauge theory - Gauge theory
This refers to a field theory with gauge symmetry. In other words, it is a theory in which all physical quantities, such as energy, remain unchanged even if the gauge that measures the field quantity ψ ( xyzt ) defined at each point (coordinates xyzt ) in four-dimensional space-time is changed independently at each point. Mathematically, when ψ is locally transformed as an irreducible representation of the group G (called the gauge group), the equation of motion satisfied by the field transforms covariantly. For this reason, solutions that are linked by a gauge transformation are considered to have the same physical content (gauge equivalence). To guarantee this invariance, there are vector fields called gauge bosons that relate the gauges between two adjacent points. As an example, the theory of electrons and electromagnetic fields is a gauge theory of G = U (1) (phase transformation), in which the electron field is ψ and the photon is a gauge boson. In recent particle theory, all theories that describe fundamental interactions are gauge theories (gauge monism), and their importance has been attracting attention. That is, the Weinberg-Salam theory, which describes the electromagnetic and weak interactions in a unified manner, is a gauge theory with G = SU(2) × U(1), while quantum chromodynamics (QCD), which describes the strong interaction, is a gauge theory with G = SU(3), and general relativity, which describes the gravitational interaction, is a gauge theory with G as the local Lorentz transformation group.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
ゲージ対称性をもつ場の理論をさす。すなわち四次元時空の各点 (座標 xyzt) において定義された場の量ψ (xyzt) を測るゲージを各点ごとに独立に変えても,エネルギーなどすべての物理量が不変であるような理論である。数学的にはψが群G (ゲージ群と呼ぶ) のある既約表現として局所的に変換したとき,場の満たす運動方程式が共変的に変換する。このためゲージ変換で結びつく解は物理的には同一内容をさす (ゲージ同値) とみなされる。この不変性を保証するため,隣り合った2点間のゲージを関係づけるゲージボソンと呼ばれるベクトル場が存在する。一例として,電子と電磁場の理論はG=U (1) (位相変換) のゲージ理論で,電子場がψ,光子がゲージボソンとなる。最近の素粒子理論では,基本的相互作用を記述する理論はすべてゲージ理論なので (ゲージ一元論) ,その重要性が注目されている。すなわち,電磁相互作用と弱い相互作用を統一的に記述するワインバーグ=サラムの理論はG=SU (2) ×U (1) のゲージ理論であり,強い相互作用を記述する量子色力学 QCDはG=SU (3) のゲージ理論である。また重力相互作用を記述する一般相対性理論はGを局所ローレンツ変換群とするゲージ理論である。

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