Encyclopedia - Encyclopedia (English spelling)

Japanese: 百科全書 - ひゃっかぜんしょ（英語表記）Encyclopédie

In the early Meiji period, this word was used to mean a systematic collection or encyclopedia of all academic fields. Nowadays, it often refers to the encyclopedia compiled by Diderot in France and the Ministry of Education in the early Meiji period.

[Mitsunaga Yayoshi]

France

In the 18th century, the Encyclopedia by Chambers was a success in England, supported by the rise of the bourgeoisie. John Mills (1717-1794), a banker, tried to translate and publish it in France by negotiating with Le Breton in Paris, but the two sides could not agree on anything. However, André Le Breton (1708-1779) did not give up on the plan, and finally asked Diderot to edit it. He became involved in the editing in 1746, and invited his friend d'Alembert to co-edit it. Diderot was 33 years old at the time, and d'Alembert was 29. d'Alembert was a member of the Academic Academy, despite his young age, and succeeded in getting Voltaire, Montesquieu, Buffon, Quesnay, Rousseau, and Condillac to contribute. Subscriptions were accepted in 1750, and the first volume was published the following year. The emergence of this progressive enlightenment encyclopedia was supported by the new merchant class and thinkers, but was opposed by many of the upper classes, including the nobility and the clergy, and was also heavily pressured by the far-right Jesuits. Publication proceeded amid the rivalry between the two forces, and these contributors came to be called the Encyclopédistes. However, when d'Alembert's "Geneva" appeared in the seventh volume, Rousseau became angry and left the group, and in 1759 the publishing patent was revoked, and most of the contributors left, including d'Alembert, leaving only Diderot and the scholar Louis Chevalier de Jaucourt (1704-1779). In the end, they were forced to work for free under the worst possible conditions, printing underground, and sold their property to pay the salaries of their scribes. After overcoming all these difficulties, the Encyclopédie, or dictionary of the sciences, arts and sciences, by a society of letters, was finally completed in 1772, consisting of 17 volumes of text and 11 volumes of plates. It was so well received that CJ Panckoucke (1736-1798) planned to produce more volumes, and Diderot, who had retired due to old age (age 60), was replaced by the writer Marmontel, who completed four volumes of text, one volume of plates and two volumes of index (1776-1780).

[Mitsunaga Yayoshi]

Japan

This refers to an encyclopedia translated by the Ministry of Education and published in the early Meiji period. The original was Chambers's Information for the People, 5th edition, 2 volumes (unpublished). Mitsukuri Rinsho, head editor of the Ministry of Education's editorial board, assigned English scholars throughout Tokyo to translate the encyclopedia, and from 1874 (Meiji 7) published the encyclopedia by field. By 1874, there were 10 volumes, including those on economics, health care, social interactions, medicine, and commerce. Among the difficulties in translation, coming up with abstract terminology was particularly time-consuming, and many people offered to give up translating, forcing Mitsukuri and others to take over. Mitsukuri translated "Natural Theology," "Pedagogy," and "Moral Science," while mathematician Kikuchi Dairoku translated "Rhetoric and Floral Prose," and Otsuki Fumihiko translated "Printing and Lithography." Due to financial reasons, the series was discontinued at 93 volumes in 1884, but the publication was made available to the private sector, and Yurindo published 20 volumes between 1878 and 1886. Maruzen also supplemented the translations and published the complete set of three volumes, including an index, by subscription from 1883 to 1885. This publication established terminology and played a major role in introducing basic academic knowledge.

[Mitsunaga Yayoshi]

"Studies on the French Encyclopedia" edited by Kuwahara Takeo (1954, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "Studies on Encyclopedias in the Early Meiji Era" by Fukukama Tatsuo (1968, Kazama Shobo)" ▽ "The Encyclopedia" by J. Proust, translated by Hiraoka Noboru and Ichikawa Shinichi (1979, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "The Origins of the Encyclopedia" by F. Venturi, translated by Otsu Shinsaku (1979, Hosei University Press)" ▽ "In the Light of the Century of Enlightenment - Diderot and the Encyclopedia" by Nakagawa Hisamasa (1994, Iwanami Shoten)" ▽ "The Century of Editorial Knowledge - The Civil Public Sphere and the Encyclopedia in 18th Century France" by Terada Genichi (2003, Nippon Hyoronsha)" ▽ "Encyclopedia - Introduction and Representative Items" edited by Diderot and d'Alembert, edited and translated by Takeo Kuwahara (Iwanami Bunko)

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

明治初期に、あらゆる学問の組織的な総集または百科事典の意味に用いられたことば。現在では、フランスのディドロ編と、明治初期文部省編の百科事典をさしていうことが多い。

［彌吉光長］

フランス

18世紀、イギリスではブルジョアジー勃興(ぼっこう)に支持されてチェンバーズの『百科事典』が成功したので、銀行家のミルズJohn Mills（1717―1794）はこれをフランスで翻訳刊行しようとパリのル・ブルトンに交渉したが意見があわなかった。しかし、ル・ブルトンAndré Le Breton（1708―1779）は計画をあきらめず、ついにディドロに編集を依頼、彼は1746年に編集に関係し、友人のダランベールも誘って共同編集とした。ときにディドロは33歳、ダランベール29歳であった。ダランベールは若いながらアカデミー会員であり、ボルテール、モンテスキュー、ビュフォン、ケネー、ルソー、コンディヤックに寄稿を引き受けさせることに成功、1750年に予約募集し、翌年第1巻を発行した。この進歩的啓蒙(けいもう)事典の出現に新興の商人階級や思想家は賛成したが、貴族と僧侶(そうりょ)の上層階級には反対が多く、また極右のイエズス会の圧迫が激しかった。両勢力の対抗の間に出版は進み、これら寄稿者たちは百科全書派（アンシクロペディスト）encyclopédistesとよばれるようになった。ところが、第7巻にダランベールの「ジュネーブ」が出るとルソーは怒って脱退し、さらに1759年、出版特許を取り消されて寄稿家の大部分が脱退、ダランベールも抜け、残ったのはディドロと学者ジョクールLouis Chevalier de Jaucourt（1704―1779）だけとなり、ついには地下印刷という最悪の事情のもとに無償の働きを余儀なくされ、財産も売り払って書記らの給料を払った。こうした種々の困難を切り抜けて、1772年についにこの『百科全書』Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une société de gens de lettresが完成、本文17巻と図版11巻であった。これが大歓迎を受けたので、パンクークC. J. Panckoucke（1736―1798）は続巻を計画、ディドロは老年（60歳）のため辞し作家マルモンテルが引き受けて本文4巻、図版1巻、索引2巻（1776～1780）を完成した。

［彌吉光長］

日本

明治初期に出版された文部省訳の百科事典をいう。原本はチェンバーズ編『国民知識事典』Information for the Peopleの第5版2巻（無刊記）。文部省編輯(へんしゅう)寮頭箕作麟祥(みつくりりんしょう)が東京中の英語学者に分担させて翻訳させ、1874年（明治7）から分野ごとに出版していったものである。1874年には経済編、養生編、交際編、医学編、商業編など10編ができた。翻訳の困難さのなかでもとくに抽象的な術語を案出するのに時間がかかり、訳出返上を申し出る者が続出して、箕作らが担当せざるをえなかった。箕作は「自然神学」「教育学」「道徳学」を訳し、また、数学者菊池大麓(だいろく)は「修辞及華文」を、大槻文彦(おおつきふみひこ)は「印刷術及石版術」を訳した。財政の都合で1884年に93巻で打ち切られたが、この刊行は民間に提供されて、有隣堂は1878年から1886年に20巻で発行した。また、丸善は不足を補訳して、1883年から1885年に索引とも全3巻で予約出版を行った。この出版によって術語が確立され、学問的基礎知識導入の大きな役割を果たした。

［彌吉光長］

『桑原武夫編『フランス百科全書の研究』（1954・岩波書店）』▽『福鎌達夫著『明治初期百科全書の研究』（1968・風間書房）』▽『J・プルースト著、平岡昇・市川慎一訳『百科全書』（1979・岩波書店）』▽『F・ヴェントゥーリ著、大津真作訳『百科全書の起源』（1979・法政大学出版局）』▽『中川久定著『啓蒙の世紀の光のもとで――ディドロと『百科全書』』（1994・岩波書店）』▽『寺田元一著『「編集知」の世紀――一八世紀フランスにおける「市民的公共圏」と「百科全書」』（2003・日本評論社）』▽『ディドロ、ダランベール編、桑原武夫編訳『百科全書――序論および代表項目』（岩波文庫）』