obesity

Japanese: 肥満
obesity
What kind of disease is it?

Main symptoms and progression The condition of excessive accumulation of body fat is called obesity.
There are two types of obesity: subcutaneous and visceral. Subcutaneous obesity is when fat accumulates under the skin, and heavy weight puts strain on joints and bones. Visceral obesity is when fat accumulates in the internal organs, making it a "dangerous form of obesity" that can lead to lifestyle-related diseases such as high blood pressure and diabetes. In the case of visceral obesity, it is necessary to start losing weight as soon as possible by improving your diet and exercising moderately, but it is safer and more effective to get tested for any illnesses you may have or have had in the past, or any illnesses that may have already been caused by obesity, and to consult with your doctor before creating a program that is not too strenuous.
The most common method for determining whether or not someone is obese is to use the BMI (body mass index = weight (kilograms) ÷ height (meters) squared) index, which measures the percentage of body fat. A BMI of 25 or higher is considered obese.
In addition, we provide treatment for obesity accompanied by the following diseases:
① Type 2 diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance ② Dyslipidemia
③High blood pressure ④Gout and hyperuricemia
⑤ Coronary artery disease: Angina pectoris, myocardial infarction
⑥ Cerebral infarction: cerebral embolism, transient ischemic attack
⑦Sleep apnea syndrome, Pickwickian syndrome ⑧Fatty liver ⑨Orthopedic diseases: knee osteoarthritis, lumbar spondylosis
10. Menstrual abnormalities In addition, if a CT scan taken at the level of the navel shows that the area of ​​visceral fat is 100 square centimeters or more, the patient will be treated for obesity, which poses a high risk of developing health problems.

● Causes of disease and mechanisms of symptoms Obesity occurs when the body continues to take in more energy than it expends, causing the excess energy to be stored as fat. The following are thought to be the main causes:
Overeating: There are various reasons for this, but the recent trend is that people overeat due to stress. Psychological factors also play a role, such as not feeling full or eating more even when full.
Irregular eating habits or eating quickly/Not eating at regular times or eating quickly can lead to poor digestion and obesity.
Lack of exercise/If you do not exercise, the energy you take in will exceed the energy you expend, and as a result, the excess energy will be stored in the body in the form of fat.
It may also be due to constitution/genetics/hormonal abnormalities or hereditary obesity.

●Characteristics of the disease According to the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare's "2013 National Health and Nutrition Survey," the percentage of obese men in Japan is 28.6 percent, and the percentage of obese women is 20.3 percent.




EBM checks on common treatments and care

[Treatment and care] Weight loss is not to be limited to the standard weight, but to set a target weight of about 5 to 7 percent of the current weight. [Evaluation] ☆☆☆☆☆
[Evaluation points] Rather than setting an ideal body weight as the goal of obesity treatment from the beginning, a feasible goal of a 5-7% weight loss should be set. It is said that a weight loss of more than 5% can improve factors that may be risk factors for heart disease (dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, and impaired glucose tolerance). (1)

[Treatment and care] Help the individual understand the disadvantages of being obese and motivate them. [Evaluation] ☆☆☆
[Evaluation Points] Clinical studies have shown that providing sufficient motivation for treatment is an important factor in making obesity treatment successful. (2)

■Improve lifestyle habits [Treatment and care] Conduct behavioral therapy [Evaluation] ☆☆☆☆☆
[Evaluation Points] Obese patients often have lifestyle habits that make them prone to obesity, so it is effective to conduct behavioral therapy in which records are kept of their actual lifestyle, diet, and exercise, problem areas are identified, and efforts are made to improve their lifestyle habits. This has been confirmed by highly reliable clinical research. (3)

[Treatment and care] Dietary therapy and exercise therapy are performed. [Evaluation] ☆☆☆☆☆
[Evaluation points] Highly reliable clinical studies have confirmed that dietary therapy and exercise therapy, as part of lifestyle modification, are the main effective treatments for obesity. (3)-(5)



[Treatment and care] Implement very low energy diet [Evaluation] ☆☆
[Evaluation Points] Highly reliable clinical studies have shown that a very low-calorie diet of about 400 kcal per day is effective for weight loss. However, some studies have shown that in the long term, it is no different from a conventional low-calorie diet. (2)(6)

[Treatment and care] Administer drug therapy [Evaluation] ☆☆
[Evaluation Points] It is known from highly reliable clinical studies that some drugs are effective in treating obesity. However, drug therapy is only a supplementary treatment, and diet and exercise therapy are the core of treatment. (2)


Checking commonly used drugs with EBM

Obesity treatment drug [Drug name] Sanorex (Mazindol) (7)
[Rating] ☆☆
[Evaluation Points] Mazindol has the effect of suppressing appetite, and highly reliable clinical studies have shown that it is effective in treating obesity. However, over the long term, the drug gradually becomes less effective, and it is said that stopping the drug can lead to rebound weight gain, so treatment that relies solely on drug therapy should be carefully considered. (2)


Overall, the most reliable treatment currently available <br /> Motivation is the biggest challenge If it can be implemented, diet and exercise therapy are effective and safe obesity treatments. However, the biggest problem is whether the patient can be motivated to lose weight.
Unfortunately, even if a doctor explains how continuing obesity can lead to serious health problems such as lifestyle-related diseases and subsequent heart and vascular diseases, in most cases this does not lead to sufficient motivation. The premise of determining what kind of advice should be given in what situation to motivate patients is that there is sufficient communication between the patient and the doctor.
As long as you have a strong desire to lose weight, we can give advice based on the various research results known to date, taking into consideration each individual's unique circumstances (degree of obesity, gender, presence or absence of risk factors for arteriosclerosis, presence or absence of concurrent diseases, etc.), on how much weight to lose and how long it should be, the content and amount of food to eat, and what type of exercise is recommended.

Basic methods to overcome obesity Basically, obesity can be improved by taking the following measures:
1. Learn energy calculations. Understand the energy content of foods and be able to properly implement energy restriction.
2. Maintain a regular diet. Eating three meals a day will help you lose weight. Avoid snacking.
3. Review your diet and reduce foods high in carbohydrates and fats.
4. Eat slowly. Eating quickly can lead to overeating.
5. Exercise. Try to get some sustainable exercise in at set times throughout the day.
It has been proven that surgery to reduce the size of the stomach in order to forcibly restrict food intake is effective for obese patients, but unlike in Europe and the United States, this procedure is very rarely performed in Japan.
As for drug therapy, various drugs have been developed and tried up to now, but even if they have a short-term weight loss effect, the problems of rebound weight gain after stopping the medication and relatively severe side effects have not been resolved, and drug treatment alone is not recommended from a safety standpoint.

(1)Douketis JD, Macie C, Thabane L, Williamson DF. Systematic review of long-term weight loss studies in obese adults: clinical significance and applicability to clinical practice. Int J Obes (Lond). 2005;29:1153.
(2)Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: executive summary. Expert Panel on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight in Adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68:899-917.
(3)Tsai AG, Wadden TA. The evolution of very-low-calorie diets: an update and meta-analysis. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006; 14: 1283.
(4)Weinstock RS, Dai H, Wadden TA. Diet and exercise in the treatment of obesity: effects of 3 interventions on insulin resistance. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:2477-2483.
(5)Metz JA, Stern JS, Kris-Etherton P, et al. A randomized trial of improved weight loss with a prepared meal plan in overweight and obese patients: impact on cardiovascular risk reduction. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:2150-2158.
(6)Apfelbaum M, Vague P, Ziegler O, et al. Long-term maintenance of weight loss after a very-low-calorie diet: a randomized blinded trial of the efficacy and tolerability of sibutramine. Am J Med. 1999;106:179-184.
(7)Walker BR, Ballard IM, Gold JA. A multicentre study comparing mazindol and placebo in obese patients. J Int Med Res. 1977;5:85-90.

Source: "EBM: A book that explains correct treatment" Information about the book "EBM: A book that explains correct treatment"

Japanese:
どんな病気でしょうか?

●おもな症状と経過
 体脂肪が過剰に蓄積した状態を肥満(ひまん)といいます。
 肥満には皮下脂肪型肥満と内臓脂肪型肥満があります。皮下脂肪型肥満は皮膚の下に脂肪がつくもので、重い体重が関節や骨に負担をかけます。また、内臓脂肪型肥満は内臓に脂肪がつくため、高血圧や糖尿病(とうにょうびょう)などの生活習慣病の原因になりうる“危険な肥満”です。内臓脂肪型肥満の場合は、できるだけ早期に食生活の改善や適度な運動を中心とした減量を開始することが必要ですが、その際かかっている病気やかつてかかった病気、すでに肥満が原因の病気がないかどうかを検査してもらい、医師とよく相談のうえ、無理のないプログラムを組むほうが安全で効果的です。
 肥満であるかどうかの判定には、体脂肪率を測定するBMI〔ボディ・マス・インデックス=体重(キログラム)÷身長(メートル)の2乗〕指数を用いる方法が一般的です。BMI25以上は肥満と判定されます。
 さらに、次にあげる病気を伴う肥満の場合、治療を行います。
 ① 2型糖尿病・耐糖能障害
 ②脂質異常症(ししついじょうしょう)
 ③高血圧
 ④痛風(つうふう)・高尿酸血症(こうにょうさんけっしょう)
 ⑤冠動脈疾患(かんどうみゃくしっかん):狭心症(きょうしんしょう)・心筋梗塞(しんきんこうそく)
 ⑥脳梗塞:脳塞栓症(のうそくせんしょう)・一過性脳虚血発作(いっかせいのうきょけつほっさ)
 ⑦睡眠時無呼吸症候群・ピックウィック症候群
 ⑧脂肪肝
 ⑨整形外科的疾患:変形性膝関節症(へんけいせいひざかんせつしょう)・腰椎症(ようついしょう)
 ⑩月経異常
 このほか、臍(へそ)の位置で撮影したCTにより内臓脂肪面積が100平方センチメートル以上ある場合は、健康障害をおこすリスクの高い肥満として治療を行います。

●病気の原因や症状がおこってくるしくみ
 肥満は、消費するエネルギーよりも摂取するエネルギーが多い状態が持続的に続き、体に余分なエネルギーが脂肪として蓄えられた結果おこるものです。おもな原因には次のようなものが考えられています。
 過食/さまざまな理由がありますが、最近の傾向はストレスによって過度に食事をしてしまうというものです。満腹感を覚えない、満腹してもさらに食べてしまうといった精神的なものも影響します。
 不規則な食事や早食いなど/決まった時間に食事をしない、早食いなどの原因によって消化が悪くなり、肥満することがあります。
 運動不足/運動をしないと摂取エネルギーが消費エネルギーを上回り、その結果余分なエネルギーを脂肪のかたちで体にため込むようになります。
 体質・遺伝/ホルモン異常や遺伝性の肥満の場合もあります。

●病気の特徴
 厚生労働省の「平成25年国民健康・栄養調査」によると、日本では、男性の肥満者の割合は28.6パーセント、女性の肥満者の割合は20.3パーセントであると報告されています。




よく行われている治療とケアをEBMでチェック

[治療とケア]減量は標準体重ではなく、現状の5~7パーセント減少程度を当面の目標体重として設定する
[評価]☆☆☆☆☆
[評価のポイント] 最初から理想的な体重を肥満治療の目標とするのではなく、5~7パーセント減少程度の実行可能な目標を設定すべきとされています。5パーセントを超える程度の体重の減少で、心疾患のリスクとなり得るもの(脂質異常や高血圧、耐糖能障害)を改善させることができるとされています。(1)

[治療とケア]肥満であることの弊害を本人に理解させ、動機づけを行う
[評価]☆☆☆
[評価のポイント] 治療についての動機づけを十分に行うことが、肥満治療を成功させる重要な要因であるという臨床研究があります。(2)

■生活習慣の改善を行う
[治療とケア]行動療法を行う
[評価]☆☆☆☆☆
[評価のポイント] 肥満の患者さんは、肥満しやすい生活習慣をもっていることが多いので、生活実態、食事、運動について記録をとり、問題点を洗いだし、生活習慣の改善に取り組むという行動療法を行うことが有効です。これは非常に信頼性の高い臨床研究によって確認されています。(3)

[治療とケア]食事療法、運動療法を行う
[評価]☆☆☆☆☆
[評価のポイント] 生活習慣の改善の一環として食事療法、運動療法は肥満の中心的な治療法で有効であることが、非常に信頼性の高い臨床研究によって確認されています。(3)~(5)

 



[治療とケア]超低エネルギー食療法を行う
[評価]☆☆
[評価のポイント] 1日約400キロカロリー程度の超低エネルギー食は、体重を減らすのに有効であることが非常に信頼性の高い臨床研究によりわかっています。しかし、長期的には従来の低エネルギー食と効果は変わらないとする研究もあります。(2)(6)

[治療とケア]薬物療法を行う
[評価]☆☆
[評価のポイント] いくつかの薬物が肥満の治療に有用であることが非常に信頼性の高い臨床研究により知られています。しかし、薬物治療はあくまでも補助的なもので、食事、運動療法が治療の中心となります。(2)


よく使われている薬をEBMでチェック

肥満治療薬
[薬名]サノレックス(マジンドール)(7)
[評価]☆☆
[評価のポイント] マジンドールには食欲を低下させる効果があり、肥満の治療に有効であることが非常に信頼性の高い臨床研究で示されています。しかし、長い目で見ると薬が徐々に効かなくなってきたり、薬を中止するとリバウンドで体重が増えやすいといわれたりしていることなどから、薬物療法のみに頼る治療は慎重に検討すべきでしょう。(2)


総合的に見て現在もっとも確かな治療法
動機づけが最大の課題
 実行することができさえすれば、効果が確実で安全な肥満の治療法は食事療法と運動療法です。しかし最大の問題は、本人が体重を減らしたいという動機づけができるかどうかにあります。
 残念ながら、肥満状態が続くと、生活習慣病やそれに引き続いて生ずる心臓や血管の病気などいかに重大な健康上の問題がおこるかを医師が説明しても、ほとんどの場合十分な動機づけにつながりません。どのような場面で、どのようなアドバイスをすれば動機づけできるのかは、患者さんと医師とのコミュニケーションが十分とれているということが前提となります。
 体重を減らしたいという強い気持ちさえもっていれば、どれくらいの期間でどれくらい体重を減らすのを目標としたらよいのか、食事内容と量、どのような運動が望ましいのかなどは、それぞれ個人個人に特有の状況(肥満度、性別、動脈硬化危険因子の有無、併発疾患の有無など)を考え合わせて、これまでにわかっているさまざまな研究結果に基づいてアドバイスすることが可能です。

肥満から脱する基本的な方法
 基本的には次のような対策をすることで、肥満を改善することになります。
1. エネルギー計算を覚える。食品のエネルギー量を理解し、エネルギー制限が正しく実行できるようにします。
2. 規則的な食生活を守る。1日3食を守ることが減量につながっていきます。間食をしないようにします。
3. 食事内容を見直す。炭水化物や脂肪の多い食品を減らしていきます。
4. ゆっくり食べる。早食いは過食の原因となります。
5. 運動をする。1日の決めた時間に持続できる運動をするようにします。
 肥満度の高い患者さんでは、食事の量を強制的に制限する目的で胃を小さくする手術が有効なことは実証されていますが、欧米と違ってわが国では、非常にまれにしか行われていません。
 薬物療法についても、現在まで、いろいろな薬が開発され、試用されていますが、短期的には減量効果があっても内服中止後のリバウンドによる体重増加や比較的重い副作用の問題が解決されておらず、薬物単独での治療は、安全性という意味で勧められるものではありません。

(1)Douketis JD, Macie C, Thabane L, Williamson DF. Systematic review of long-term weight loss studies in obese adults: clinical significance and applicability to clinical practice. Int J Obes (Lond). 2005;29:1153.
(2)Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: executive summary. Expert Panel on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight in Adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68:899-917.
(3)Tsai AG, Wadden TA. The evolution of very-low-calorie diets: an update and meta-analysis. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006; 14: 1283.
(4)Weinstock RS, Dai H, Wadden TA. Diet and exercise in the treatment of obesity: effects of 3 interventions on insulin resistance. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:2477-2483.
(5)Metz JA, Stern JS, Kris-Etherton P, et al. A randomized trial of improved weight loss with a prepared meal plan in overweight and obese patients: impact on cardiovascular risk reduction. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:2150-2158.
(6)Apfelbaum M, Vague P, Ziegler O, et al. Long-term maintenance of weight loss after a very-low-calorie diet: a randomized blinded trial of the efficacy and tolerability of sibutramine. Am J Med. 1999;106:179-184.
(7)Walker BR, Ballard IM, Gold JA. A multicentre study comparing mazindol and placebo in obese patients. J Int Med Res. 1977;5:85-90.

出典 法研「EBM 正しい治療がわかる本」EBM 正しい治療がわかる本について 情報

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