Andrey Yanuar'evich Vishnuskiy

Japanese: ビシンスキー - びしんすきー(英語表記)Андрей Януарьевич Вышинский/Andrey Yanuar'evich Vïshinskiy
Andrey Yanuar'evich Vishnuskiy

Soviet jurist and politician. He served as professor and rector of Moscow University in the 1920s, and was active as a public prosecutor in the series of "purge" trials in the 1930s. However, theoretically, he is known for marking the "Vishynsky stage" of Soviet jurisprudence from the late 1930s to the mid-1950s. He criticized the Marxist jurisprudence of the 1920s, which understood law as a system or a special form of social relations, and contrasted it with a normative conception of law that sees law as a totality of legal norms that express the will of the ruling class and whose application is guaranteed by the coercive power of the state. His famous report in 1938 called for the construction of a "socialist jurisprudence" based on Stalin's teachings and the 1936 Constitution, which was seen as embodying these teachings, and became the model for Soviet legal theory thereafter. Since the late 1950s, the Byshinsky theory has been criticized as a serious violation of the socialist legality of the Stalin era in terms of overemphasizing the trigger for coercion in law, overvaluing the defendant's confession in the theory of evidence, etc. His main works include "The Theory of Evidence in Court in Soviet Law" (1941) and "Problems of the Theory of State and Law" (1949).

[Taichiro Oe]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ソ連の法律家、政治家。1920年代にはモスクワ大学教授、同学長を務め、1930年代には一連の「粛清」裁判において公訴人として活躍したが、理論上は1930年代後半から1950年代中期までソビエト法学に「ビシンスキー的段階」ともいうべきものを画したことによって知られる。法を社会関係の体系ないし特殊な形態として把握するストゥーチカやパシュカーニスの1920年代マルクス主義法学を批判し、法とは支配階級の意志を表現し国家の強制力によってその適用が保障されるところの法規範の総体であるという規範説的法概念をこれに対置した。1938年の彼の有名な報告は、スターリンの教説とこれを体現するものとみなされた1936年憲法に基づいて「社会主義法学」の建設を呼びかけるものであり、以後のソビエト法理論の範型となった。1950年代末以降ビシンスキー理論は、法における強制の契機の過大視、証拠法理論における被告の自白の過大評価などの点で、スターリン時代における社会主義的適法性の重大な侵犯を招いたものとして批判されている。主著に『ソビエト法における法廷証拠理論』(1941)、『国家と法の理論の諸問題』(1949)がある。

[大江泰一郎]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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