A general term for instruments that measure specific gravity. Typical hydrometers used mainly to measure the specific gravity of liquids include the pycnometer and the float scale. For solids, there is the spring scale (also called a clockwork scale) and Nicholson float scale, and for gases, there is the gas balance. A fixed volume of 4°C water is poured into a pycnometer to measure its weight W , then an equal volume of liquid is poured into it and its weight W ' is measured. The specific gravity S of the liquid can be determined from W , W ' and the weight W of the bottle. A hydrometer is a long, thin glass tube with a weight sealed in the bottom; it is immersed in the liquid to be measured and the specific gravity can be determined by reading the position of the liquid level from the scale on the top of the hydrometer. With a spring balance, the weight W of the solid to be measured when it is placed on the upper pan in air, and the weight W ' when it is placed on the lower pan underwater are calculated from the extension of the spring, and the specific gravity can be determined from W and W '. [Mitsuo Ishikawa] [References] | | | | |©Shogakukan "> Main types of hydrometers Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
比重を測定する器具の総称。おもに液体の比重測定に使われる代表的な比重計として比重瓶、浮き秤(ばかり)などがある。固体用としてはばね秤(ぜんまい秤ともいう)やニコルソンの浮き秤、気体用としてはガス天秤(てんびん)などがある。 比重瓶の中に決まった体積の4℃の水を入れて重さWを量り、次にこれと同体積の液体を入れて重さW´を量る。W、W´と瓶の重さWからその液体の比重Sを求めることができる。浮き秤は下部におもりを封入した細長いガラス管で、これを測定しようとする液体に入れて、液面の位置を浮き秤上部の目盛りから読み取ると比重がわかる。ばね秤は、測定しようとする固体を空気中の上の皿にのせたときの重さWと、水中の下の皿にのせたときの重さW´をばねの伸びから求めると、WとW´から比重が求められる。 [石川光男] [参照項目] | | | | |©Shogakukan"> 比重計のおもな種類 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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