Victorian era

Japanese: ビクトリア時代 - ビクトリアじだい

The term is often used to refer to society and culture during the reign of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom (1837-1901) as a whole, but particularly to the period from the 1840s to the early 1870s, when Britain boasted its status as the world's economic leader. British society during this period was characterized by the remarkable progress of industrialization and urbanization that had been made thanks to the Industrial Revolution, and the world's first Great Exhibition, held in London in 1851, demonstrated Britain's status as "the world's workshop." Although the social advancement of the middle class, which had accumulated wealth and power, was notable, real political power remained in the hands of the landlord class, whose rule was unshakable. As a result, the ideal of the middle class was to become a gentleman, and the culture and values of the time were overshadowed by the gentleman's view of life, and while snobs who imitated the appearance of a gentleman were rampant, there was also a strong awareness of religious and moral oppression, and while the Queen's domestic life was looked up to as an example, the subordination of women to men was taken for granted, and double standards regarding sex were rampant. On the other hand, the working class, which made up the majority of the population, still had no political voice, and many of them were forced to live in urban slums, and in Britain, which stood at the top of the world, it seemed as if there were ``two nations'' (B. Disraeli's words) that had no interaction whatsoever between them.
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Source : Heibonsha Encyclopedia About MyPedia Information

Japanese:

英国のビクトリア女王の治世（1837年−1901年）全体をさすが，とりわけ英国が世界経済の覇者としての地位を誇った1840年代から1870年代初めまでを特定して，その社会，文化をさして用いられることが多い。この時期の英国社会の特色は，産業革命の恩恵をうけて工業化と都市化がいちじるしく進行したことにあり，1851年ロンドンで開催された世界で最初の万国博覧会は英国が〈世界の工場〉としての地位を確保したことを誇示するものであった。　富と実力を蓄えた中産階級の社会的進出が顕著であったが，政治の実権は依然として地主階級が握っていて，その支配は揺るがなかった。そのため中産階級の人たちの理想はジェントルマンになることに向けられていて，この時代の文化や価値観にはジェントルマンの生活観が陰を落としており，ジェントルマンの外見を模倣する紳士きどり（スノッブ）がまかり通る一方で，宗教や道徳による抑圧も強く意識され，女王の家庭生活が模範として仰がれる反面では女性の男性に対する従属は当然のこととされ，性に対する二重規範も横行した。　他方，人口の大半を占める労働者階級は依然として政治的発言力をもたず，その多くは都市のスラム街に住むのを余儀なくされており，世界の頂点にたつ英国には，互いの間にまったく交流がみられない〈二つの国民〉（B.ディズレーリの言葉）が存在しているようなありさまであった。
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