An element that is nonmetallic in its elemental form. It is the opposite of a metallic element. Generally, elements with high electronegativity are concentrated in the upper right corner of the long periodic table. However, hydrogen H is a nonmetallic element, even though it is on the left side. In other words, hydrogen H, boron B, carbon C, silicon Si, nitrogen N, phosphorus P, arsenic As, oxygen O, sulfur S, selenium Se, tellurium Te, fluorine F, chlorine Cl, bromine Br, iodine I, helium He, neon Ne, argon Ar, krypton Kr, xenon Xe, and radon Rn are nonmetallic elements, and many of them are in a gaseous state at room temperature. Of these, the inert gases from helium He onwards are difficult to form chemical bonds with, but the others are electronegative and easy to form covalent bonds and form molecules. However, there are metallic and nonmetallic allotropes even in their elemental form, and some elements are difficult to distinguish between them. For example, germanium and arsenic, which are on the border between metallic elements and arsenic, are sometimes called semimetals. In general, aqueous solutions of oxides of nonmetallic elements are acids, while aqueous solutions of oxides of metallic elements are bases. [Nakahara Katsunori] [Reference items] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
単体が非金属であるような元素をいう。金属元素に対する語。一般に電気陰性度の高い元素で、長周期型周期表で右上方部に集まっている。ただし、水素Hは左側にあるが非金属元素である。すなわち、水素H、ホウ素B、炭素C、ケイ素Si、窒素N、リンP、ヒ素As、酸素O、硫黄S、セレンSe、テルルTe、フッ素F、塩素Cl、臭素Br、ヨウ素I、ヘリウムHe、ネオンNe、アルゴンAr、クリプトンKr、キセノンXe、ラドンRnが非金属元素であり、常温で気体の状態にあるものが多い。これらのうちヘリウムHe以降の不活性気体は化学結合をつくりにくいが、他は電気的に陰性で共有結合をつくりやすく、分子を構成しやすい。しかし単体でも金属性および非金属性の同素体が存在していて、その区別がむずかしい元素もあり、たとえば、金属元素との境界にある元素、ゲルマニウム、ヒ素などはどちらに分類するかはあいまいで、半金属などということもある。一般に非金属元素の酸化物の水溶液は酸であるのに対し、金属元素の酸化物は塩基である。 [中原勝儼] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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