Hermit - Sennin

Japanese: 仙人 - せんにん
Hermit - Sennin

It refers to an ideal person who has mastered the art of immortality, an ancient desire of the Han people, who has left the secular world to live in seclusion in the mountains, and who can soar into the sky. It is also written as 'Senren'. The idea of ​​immortality originated in the Qi and Yan states (Shandong and Hebei provinces) centered on the Shandong Peninsula in China at the end of the Warring States period (3rd century BCE), and was later developed by Taoists (practitioners of sorcery) who incorporated the theories of Yin-Yang, and was further developed by Taoism, which was established by mixing it with Taoist thought. The "Annals of the First Emperor of Qin" in the "Records of the Grand Historian" states in the 18th year that "Xu, a man of Qi, wrote: There are three divine mountains in the sea, called Penglai, Fangzhang, and Yingzhou. A sage resides on these mountains. He asked them to fast and search for them with men and women. So Xu sent out several thousand men and women to enter the sea to search for the sage." It was already believed that there were sages in the three divine mountains in the sea during the Qin Dynasty. Emperor Wu of Han also respected this sage, held Fengshan (a festival for heaven and earth held by the emperor) and built a shrine to worship him. Immortals were originally called sages. The meaning of 'sen' is written in the Shuowen Jiezi as "to rise to great heights," and 'sen' is written as "to wade through great heights." The original meaning of 'sen' is also "to fly up and rise to great heights," and both of these mean "to rise to a high place." It seems that 'senjin' was considered to be a human who rose to a great height and changed his appearance. The character for 'sen' is also written in the 'Shakumyo' 'Shaku Changyou' section as "A person who does not die of old age is called a 'sen'. A 'sen' is a 'sen'. He migrates into the mountains," so a 'sen' was considered to be someone who left the secular world to live in the mountains, undertook ascetic practices, and ascended to heaven. In the Six Dynasties period, 'senjin' were also thought to have various stages depending on the elixir they took. The "Baopuzi" divides immortals into three types: Tianxian, Dixian, and Shikaixian (those whose souls have left the body and become the empty shell of a corpse), and states that methods for becoming an immortal include Doin (breathing exercises), the art of lovemaking, drugs, talismans, and mental concentration.

There are many immortals in China, such as Peng Zu, who lived for 800 years, and Xiwangmu, who lived in Kunlun Mountain, which are written about in the Zhuangzi, and the names of ancient immortals such as An Qisheng, Xianmen Zigao, Song Muqi, Zheng Boqiao, and Kexang appear in the "Book of Fengshan" in the "Records of the Grand Historian" and the "Records of the Jiao Sacrifice" in the "Book of Han." In addition, Taoist priests who act as intermediaries between these immortals and humans include Lu Sheng, Han Shu, and Li Shaojun. The first book to record the biographies of immortals is the "Biographies of Immortals," written by Liu Xiang at the end of the Western Han dynasty, which includes over 70 people, including Chi Songzi, Ma Shihuang, the Yellow Emperor, and Gao Wei. The subsequent "Biographies of Immortals" by Ge Hong also includes biographies of 92 people, including Guang Chengzi, Laozi, Peng Zu, Wei Boyang, and Heshang Gong. Other works include "Continued Biographies of Immortals" (Southern Tang, compiled by Shen Fen), "Collected Biographies of Immortals" (Former Shu, compiled by Du Guangting), and "Collected Biographies of Immortals" (Song, compiled by Zeng Zuo), and there are also biographies of immortals in "Yun'ei Qi Lian." The "Shenzhen Texton" section of the "Gujin Tushu Jisei" from the Qing dynasty lists 1,153 immortals from ancient times to the early Qing dynasty, showing how many immortals there were in China.

Indian sages are called rishis in Sanskrit and isi in Pali, and are also translated into Chinese as "holy sages," "saints," and "wise men." These are likely Chinese concepts of sages that were brought into Buddhist scriptures. The Manusmriti lists 34 great sages, including Marichi, known as Maharishis, and also frequently mentions the names of seven great sages. In the verses of early Buddhist scriptures, Shakyamuni and other Buddhas are also considered to be a type of sage.

Chinese and Indian immortals were also introduced to Japan, and legends of the Three Immortals, Otomo no Sennin, Azumi no Sennin, and Kume no Sennin, appear in the Tenpyo era (729-749). In the Honsho Shinsen-den (Honsho Shinsen-den) by Oe Masafusa, monks such as Kobo Daishi (Kukai), Shamon Nichizo, and Jikaku Daishi (Ennin) are said to be immortals, and in the Genko Shakusho (Genko Shakusho) by Kokan Shiren, the section on immortals includes the stories of 13 people, including Hakusan Myojin, Silla Myojin, Hodo Sennin, and Yosho Sennin.

[Shohachi Nakamura]

"Chinese Immortals" by Yoshimi Murakami (1956, Heirakuji Shoten)""Chinese Classics Series 4: Baopuzi, Biographies of Immortals, Biographies of Shenxian, Shanhaijing" (translated by Osamu Honda, Mizuho Sawada, and Saburo Takama) (1973, Heibonsha)

[Reference] | Taoism
Chinese Immortal
From left, Peng Zu, Chi Songzi, Xi Wangmu, and An Qisheng. "People" from the Sancai Tuhui, preface published in 1609, owned by the National Diet Library .

Chinese Immortal


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

漢民族の古くからの願望である不老不死の術を体得し、俗世間を離れて山中に隠棲(いんせい)し、天空に飛翔(ひしょう)することができる理想的な人をいう。僊人とも書く。中国、戦国末(前3世紀)に山東半島を中心とする斉(せい)・燕(えん)(山東省、河北省)の地に発生した神仙説が、その後、陰陽家(いんようか)の説を取り入れた方士(ほうし)(呪術(じゅじゅつ)の実践者)によって発展し、さらに道家思想と混合して成立した道教によって想像された。『史記』の「秦始皇本紀(しんしこうほんき)」18年に「斉人徐(じょふつ)、上書していう、海中に三神山あり、名づけて蓬莱(ほうらい)、方丈(ほうじょう)、瀛州(えいしゅう)という。僊人(せんにん)これにいる。請(こ)う斎戒(さいかい)して童男女とともにこれを求むることを得ん、と。ここにおいて徐をして童男女数千人を発し、海に入りて僊人を求めしむ。」と記され、すでに秦代に海中の三神山に僊人がいると考えられていた。漢の武帝も、この僊人を尊んで、封禅(ほうぜん)(天子が行う天地の祭り)を修め、祀祠(しし)を設けている。仙人は、初め僊人といわれていた。の意味は、『説文解字(せつもんかいじ)』には「高きに升(のぼ)るなり」とあり、遷も「高きに登渉する」とある。僊の本義も「飛揚升高」で、これらはいずれも「高い所に昇ること」であった。そこで僊人とは、人間が高い所に昇って姿を変えた者と考えていたと思われる。仙の字も『釈名(しゃくみょう)』「釈長幼」に「老いて死せざるを仙という。仙は遷なり。山に遷入するなり」とあるので、世俗を離れて山中に住み、修行を積んで昇天した人を仙人と考えていた。この仙人も、六朝(りくちょう)時代になると、服用する仙薬などによっていろいろな段階があるとされた。『抱朴子(ほうぼくし)』では、天仙・地仙・尸解仙(しかいせん)(魂だけ抜けて死体の抜け殻となるもの)の三つに区分し、そして、仙人になる方法として、導引(どういん)(呼吸運動)、房中術(ぼうちゅうじゅつ)、薬物、護符、精神統一などがあるとしている。

 中国には多くの仙人がおり、『荘子(そうじ)』には、800年も生きた彭祖(ほうそ)や、崑崙山(こんろんさん)に住む西王母(せいおうぼ)が記され、『史記』の「封禅書(ほうぜんしょ)」や『漢書(かんじょ)』の「郊祀志(こうしし)」には、安期生(あんきせい)、羨門子高(せんもんしこう)、宋母忌(そうむき)、正伯僑(せいはくきょう)、克尚(こくしょう)などの古仙人の名がみえる。また、それらを人間に仲介する方士(ほうし)としては、盧生(ろせい)、韓衆(かんしゅ)、李少君(りしょうくん)などが出ている。仙人の伝を記した最初の書は、前漢末に劉向(りゅうこう)が撰(せん)したとされる『列仙(れつせん)伝』で、そこには赤松子(せきしょうし)、馬師皇(ばしこう)、黄帝(こうてい)、握佺(あくせん)など70余人が記されている。また続いて出た葛洪(かっこう)の『神仙伝』にも、広成子(こうせいし)、老子(ろうし)、彭祖、魏伯陽(ぎはくよう)、河上公(かじょうこう)など92人の伝がみえる。そのほか『続仙伝』(南唐、沈汾(ちんふん)撰)、『仙伝拾遺(せんでんしゅうい)』(前蜀(ぜんしょく)、杜光庭(とこうてい)撰)、『集仙伝』(宋(そう)、曽慥(そぞう)撰)などがあり、『雲笈七籤(うんきゅうしちせん)』にも仙人の伝がある。清(しん)の『古今図書集成』「神異典」には、上古より清初までの仙人、1153人が網羅されており、中国にいかに多くの仙人がいたかを示す。

 インドの仙人は、サンスクリット語でリシi、パーリ語ではイシisiといい、「聖仙」「聖人」「賢者」などとも漢訳されているが、これらは、中国の仙人の観念が仏教経典のなかに持ち込まれたものであろう。『マヌ法典』は、マリーチ仙など34人の偉大な仙人、すなわち大仙(たいせん)(マハリシmahai)をあげており、また7人の大仙の名もよくあげている。原始仏教経典の詩句(頌(じゅ))では、釈尊(しゃくそん)や諸仏のことも仙人の一種とみなしている。

 中国およびインドの仙人は日本にも伝わり、天平(てんぴょう)年間(729~749)に三仙人とよばれた大伴(おおとも)仙人、安曇(あずみ)仙人、久米(くめ)仙人の伝説がみえている。大江匡房(まさふさ)の『本朝神仙伝』には、弘法(こうぼう)大師(空海)、沙門(しゃもん)日蔵、慈覚(じかく)大師(円仁(えんにん))などの僧が仙人とされ、虎関師錬(こかんしれん)の『元亨釈書(げんこうしゃくしょ)』神仙の項にも白山明神(はくさんみょうじん)、新羅(しんら)明神、法道(ほうどう)仙人、陽勝(ようしょう)仙人など13人の伝が記されている。

[中村璋八]

『村上嘉実著『中国の仙人』(1956・平楽寺書店)』『本田済・沢田瑞穂・高馬三良訳『中国の古典シリーズ4 抱朴子/列仙伝・神仙伝/山海経』(1973・平凡社)』

[参照項目] | 神仙思想
中国の仙人
左から、彭祖、赤松子、西王母、安期生。『三才図会』 「人物」 1609年序刊国立国会図書館所蔵">

中国の仙人


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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