A device used to measure small angles. As shown in the figure, when the direction of the mirror changes by A (rad), the direction of the reflected light changes by 2 A , and the light spot moves by 2 AL at a distance L from the mirror. By increasing L , 2 AL can be made easily measurable even if A is small, and high sensitivity can be obtained with a simple device. From the late 19th century to the early 20th century, it was used in important experiments in classical physics, such as the determination of the gravitational constant by torsion balance and the discovery of Brownian motion in a galvanometer coil. Even today, it is used in galvanometers and recorders, and a method for measuring 2 AL with high precision has been devised, and angles from seconds to ten-thousandths of a second are measured with devices with L = 100 mm or so. Source: Heibonsha World Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition Information |
微小角測定に使われる装置。図に示すように鏡の方向がA(rad)変わると反射光の方向は2A変わり,鏡から距離Lの位置では光点は2AL移動する。Lを大きくするとAが小さくても2ALは測定容易な大きさにでき,簡単な装置で高い感度が得られる。19世紀末から20世紀初めにかけて,トーションバランスによる万有引力定数の決定や,検流計のコイルのブラウン運動の発見など古典物理学の重要な実験に使われた。今日でも検流計や記録計に応用されているほか,2ALを高精度で測定する方法が考案され,L=100mm程度の装置で秒から1万分の1秒の角度測定が行われている。
出典 株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について 情報 |
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