These loanwords from English, which have rapidly spread in Japan in recent years, are words that tend to cause confusion about their original meaning. Below, I will explain them in three cases: (1) ordinary English words, (2) academic words, and (3) loanwords that have spread to Japan. Although these are not unrelated to each other, I think it is more useful to separate them for the time being in order to clarify the understanding. I will also point out in advance that there are two other categories that intersect with these three: descriptive usage and normative usage. The former refers to something that exists, while the latter refers to an ideal that is sought to be reached as a norm, even if it does not exist. [Hachiro Nakamura] Everyday English ConceptsThe word community as a general term in English is used in a wide variety of ways. On the one hand, it can refer to a certain state, such as "sharing or agreement (of property, rights, hobbies, ideas, etc.)" or "social fellowship," while on the other hand it can mean a group of people who are in such a state. However, even in this case, it can have different meanings, such as "people of equal status," "people who form a nation," "people in a region or area," "people of a particular religion or race inhabiting an area," "people living together in a community in a certain area," and it can also be used to mean a group of animals and plants. These are descriptive uses, but an example of normative use can be found in Chaos or Community , the posthumous book by the late American black movement leader Martin Luther King, Jr. Here, the word community refers to an ideal communal life for human beings that should be created anew, overcoming the current chaotic situation filled with racial discrimination and ugly conflicts. [Hachiro Nakamura] Academic conceptCommunity is an important term in sociology, but as an academic term, it is naturally not allowed to be used in a way that allows for various meanings or normative usage that includes value evaluation, since it lacks objective rigor. Therefore, each researcher who discusses community gives a clear definition in advance. However, due to the ambiguity of the general term, definitions vary from researcher to researcher, and in one survey, the number of different definitions reached 94. However, it is not impossible to think of a definition that can be considered to be the prototype of these, which defines a community as (1) people in a certain area, (2) their lives are completed within this area, (3) they have a sense of unity due to their common interests and concerns, and their lifestyles have consistent characteristics, and (4) the above attributes are generated spontaneously and interrelate with each other to form a single social entity. Several of the various meanings of the general term are extracted, and among them, the meaning related to the area is placed at the center, but the scope of the area becomes an issue in this case. McIver, the American sociologist who developed the classical theory of community, did not delve into this point, stating that there are various cases ranging from a neighborhood to a country or even larger, but rather placed emphasis on the contrast between this spontaneous community and the associations derived from it, that is, organizations artificially formed to satisfy individual specific interests. However, in later trends, research that takes a part of a city, town, village, or large city as a range and analyzes various aspects of social life through actual surveys became mainstream, and this has become an important research field in sociology today as community studies. However, if we reconsider the definition of the original concept, in order to strictly satisfy (2), in modern society, excluding completely primitive societies, the area must be expanded to a range far beyond a single country, while in terms of (3), even a nearby area becomes excessive, considering the diversification of thoughts and actions. In light of this contradiction, there are efforts to revise the definition in order to apply it to modern times. For example, there is a movement to focus on (3) and define as a community people with the same occupation who share the same interests and concerns, even if they are not geographically close to each other, and several other revisions are being attempted. [Hachiro Nakamura] Concepts accepted by JapanThe word "community" as a foreign word in Japan suddenly came into the spotlight around 1970 (Showa 45), when the recognition that economic growth had led to the deterioration of urban living environments and human relationships spread, and leading sectors in both the public and private sectors unanimously advocated the creation of communities as a way to overcome this. What was advocated was the civic solidarity that should be established among residents within neighborhoods on the order of elementary school districts, in other words, solidarity that accompanies the establishment of autonomy and individuality, and the development of necessary related facilities, and naturally the word was given a meaning that belongs to normative usage. In response to this proposal, many local governments have been working on community policies. However, even in this case, the ambiguity of meaning has an impact, and the individual differences in understanding have led to considerable differences in the specific policies. Furthermore, when it comes to civic solidarity, the intention was to reject neighborhood associations by extension, but in reality, there are many cases where the promotion of this policy relies heavily on neighborhood associations. [Hachiro Nakamura] "Sociology of Urban Community" by Hachiro Nakamura (1973, Yuhikaku) "Sociology of Community" by Jiro Matsubara (1978, University of Tokyo Press) " RM MacIver ed. Community (1917, Macmillan, London)" [Reference items] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
近年、日本で急速に普及したこの英語からの外来語は、本来意味の混乱を招きがちなことばである。以下、〔1〕英語の一般的日常語、〔2〕学術語、〔3〕日本に広まった外来語という三つの場合に分けて解説する。それは、このそれぞれが互いに無関係ではないとしても、いちおう切り離して考えるほうが理解の整理に役だつと思うからである。またこの3区分と交差する別の区分として、記述的用法と規範的用法のあることも、あらかじめ指摘しておく。前者は現存するものをさし、後者は現存しないとしてもそれへの到達が規範として求められる理想像を意味する場合である。 [中村八朗] 英語の日常的概念英語における一般語としてのコミュニティは、かなり多様な意味に用いられている。「(財産、権利、趣味、思想などの)共有、一致」「社会的交わり」といったある状態をさす一方では、このような状態にある人々の集まりを意味する場合がある。しかしこの場合も、「平等の地位にある人々」「一国を形成する人々」「一地方、一地域の人々」「特定教徒、特定人種居住地域の人々」「ある地域で共産生活を営む人々」などの異なった意味となり、さらに、動植物の集まりの意味としても用いられる。またこれらは記述的用法に属するが、規範的用法の例としては、アメリカの黒人運動指導者故キング牧師の遺著『混沌(こんとん)かコミュニティか』Chaos or Communityがあげられる。ここでのコミュニティでは、人種差別や醜い紛争の充満する現在の混沌状況を克服し、新たにつくりだすべき人類の理想的共同生活が考えられている。 [中村八朗] 学術語としての概念コミュニティは社会学の重要な用語であるが、学術語である以上は多様な意味付与を許すような使用、あるいは価値評価を含む規範的用法は客観的厳密性に欠けるところから、当然認められないことになる。したがって、コミュニティを論じる個々の研究者はあらかじめ明確な定義を与えている。しかし一般語の多義性が災いして、研究者によって定義に相違が伴い、ある調べでは、異なる定義の数は94に達していた。とはいえ、それらの原型とも目される定義が考えられないわけではなく、それは、(1)一定地域内の人々であり、(2)彼らの生活はこの地域内で完結し、(3)その関心や利害が共通するところから一体感が抱かれ、生活様式にも一致した特徴が認められ、(4)以上の属性が自然発生的に生成し相互に関連しあって一つの社会的実体を構成する、という場合をコミュニティと規定するものである。一般語の多様な意味のいくつかが取り出され、そのうちでは地域との関連性をもつ意味が中心に置かれているが、これについては地域の範囲が一つの問題となる。コミュニティの古典的理論を展開したアメリカの社会学者マッキーバーは、近隣から一国またはそれ以上の範囲まで、さまざまの場合があるとしてこの点には深入りせず、むしろ自然発生的なこのコミュニティと、それから派生したアソシエーション(結社)、すなわち個々の特定関心ごとにその充足のために人為的に形成された組織との対比に重点を置いた。しかし後の動向では、市町村や大都市の一部地域を範囲にとり、実態調査を通じてその社会生活の諸側面を分析する研究が主流となり、これはコミュニティ・スタディとして今日の社会学でも重要な研究分野となっている。 ところで原型の概念規定を再検討する場合、(2)を厳密に満たすには、まったくの未開社会は別として、現代社会では一国をはるかに越える範囲にまで地域を拡大させねばならず、反面(3)については、思考、行動の多様化を考慮すれば、近隣の範囲でも過大となる。この矛盾から現代への適用を求めて定義の修正も一方では進められており、たとえば(3)に焦点を絞り、居住の地理的近接性がないとしても、利害や関心の一致する同一職業の人々をコミュニティと規定するような動きが現れており、ほかにもいくつかの修正が試みられている。 [中村八朗] 日本が受容した概念日本での外来語としてのコミュニティは、経済成長が都市の生活環境や人間関係の荒廃を招いたとする認識の広まった1970年(昭和45)ごろ、その克服策として官民の指導的部門が一斉にコミュニティの創設を提唱してから一躍脚光を浴びることとなった。説かれている内容は、小学校区程度の近隣の範囲ごとに、内部の住民の間に樹立されるべき市民的連帯性、つまり自主性や個性の確立を伴った連帯性と必要関連施設の整備であり、当然、規範的用法に属する意味が与えられていることになる。 この提唱に呼応して多くの自治体がコミュニティ政策に取り組んでいる。しかしこの場合も意味の多義性が影響し、その理解が個々に異なるところから、具体的政策にもかなりの相違が現れている。また市民的連帯というとき、延長として町内会の否定が意図されていたが、実際にはこの政策の推進にあたり町内会に大幅に依存している場合も少なくない。 [中村八朗] 『中村八朗著『都市コミュニティの社会学』(1973・有斐閣)』▽『松原治郎著『コミュニティの社会学』(1978・東京大学出版会)』▽『R. M. MacIver ed.Community (1917, Macmillan, London)』 [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
>>: Communication policy - komyunikeshonseisaku (English spelling) communication policy
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