A device for carrying out chemical reactions, also known simply as a reactor. Reactors range from simple laboratory flasks to large reactors over 10 meters in diameter in the petrochemical industry, and the selection of a reactor is one of the most important issues in industry. Chemical reactions are related to temperature, concentration, and pressure, and in the case of heterogeneous reactions, diffusion is also related. Therefore, a reactor must perform three functions: temperature control, retention time maintenance, and mass transfer promotion. There are a wide variety of types and operating methods of industrial reactors, which will be explained based on the following three classifications. [Otake Denyu] Classification by operation method(1) Batch Reactor: All reactants are charged into the vessel at the beginning of the operation, and the product is removed after a suitable reaction time. The composition and characteristics of the vessel change over time, and the process is unsteady. (2) Semi-batch Reactor: A part of the components is charged into the vessel at the beginning, and then the remainder is continuously added or the product is removed, and the overall state is unsteady. Although these operations have disadvantages such as labor and non-uniformity of the product, they are flexible in terms of productivity and are suitable for small-volume, high-variety pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. (3) Flow Reactor: Raw materials are continuously fed into one end of the reactor and the product is continuously removed from the other end. It is also called a continuous reactor. It maintains a steady state, is suitable for mass production, and is widely used industrially. Flow reactors are divided into complete mixing flow reactors and extrusion flow reactors depending on the state of flow of the reactants in the vessel. A well-stirred tank reactor corresponds to the former, in which the reactants are mixed uniformly as soon as they enter the vessel, the reaction proceeds steadily, and they flow out the other end. A tubular reactor corresponds to the latter. The reactant fluid moves through the vessel as if pushed by a piston, without mixing with the fluid before and after, and the reaction proceeds during this time, and the state of the reaction changes depending on the position but does not change over time. [Otake Denyu] Classification by temperature control method(1) Adiabatic reactor: In this type of reactor, the reaction is carried out in an isolated state with no heat flow between the reaction system and the outside, and the heat of reaction increases the enthalpy of the system. (2) External heat exchange reactor: The reaction temperature is adjusted by indirectly exchanging heat with a heat transfer medium through the reactor jacket or coil wall. (3) Self-heat exchange reactor: In this type, the reaction section is cooled through the tube wall by the raw material reaction fluid, and at the same time the reaction fluid itself is preheated and sent to the reaction section. [Otake Denyu] Classification by phase stateIn heterogeneous reactions involving two or more phases, the contact state of the two phases has a large effect on the performance of the reactor. In gas-liquid reactions, various types of absorber towers that bring the two phases into contact with each other in countercurrent are used. In gas-solid reactions, the solid is formed into granules and packed into the tower as a fixed bed, or moves downward within the tower as a moving bed by gravity. The gas flows between them in a state similar to a push flow. When the particles become a fine powder, the particles are suspended by the rising air current, and the gas rises between them in the form of bubbles, stirring the particles and achieving a complete mixing state. This is a fluidized bed reactor. [Otake Denyu] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
化学反応を行わせるための装置であって、単に反応器ともいう。実験室の簡単なフラスコから石油化学工業の直径10メートルを超す大型反応器まであって、反応器の選定は工業上重要な課題の一つである。化学反応は温度、濃度、圧力に関係し、不均一系反応であれば拡散が関係する。したがって、反応装置としては温度調節、滞留時間の保持、物質移動促進の三つの機能を果たさなければならない。工業反応装置の型式と操作法は多種多様であり、次の三つの分類法に基づいて説明する。 [大竹伝雄] 操作方式による分類(1)回分式反応器 作業の始めに反応物の全部を器内に仕込み、適当な反応時間後に生成物を取り出すもので、器内の組成や特性は時間とともに変化し、非定常過程をたどる。(2)半回分式反応器 始めに器内に成分の一部を仕込み、次に残部を連続的に添加したり、あるいは生成物を抜き出したりするもので、全体的には非定常状態にある。これらの操作は、労働力や製品の不均一性などの欠点はあるが、生産性に融通が効き、少量多品種の医薬品やファイン・ケミカル用に適している。(3)流通式反応器 反応器の一端から原料を連続的に供給し、他端から生成物を連続的に取り出すもので、連続反応器ともいう。定常状態を保ち、大量生産に適し、工業的に広く採用されている。流通式反応器は、器内の反応物の流れの状態によって、完全混合流れ反応器と、押出し流れ反応器に分けられる。よく攪拌(かくはん)された槽型反応器は前者に相当し、反応物が器内に入ったとたん、均一に混合され定常的に反応が進行し、他端から流出する。管型反応器は後者に相当する。反応流体はピストンで押し出されるようにして、前後の混合なく器内を移動し、この間に反応が進行し、その状態は位置によって変わり、時間的に変化しない。 [大竹伝雄] 温度調節法による分類(1)断熱式反応器 反応系と外部との熱の出入りを断ち、孤立させた状態で反応させる場合で、反応熱が系のエンタルピー増加となる。(2)外部熱交換式反応器 反応器のジャケットやコイルの壁を通して熱媒体と間接に熱交換を行って反応温度を調節する。(3)自己熱交換式反応器 原料の反応流体によって管壁を通して反応部を冷却し、同時に反応流体自身は予熱されて反応部に送入される方式である。 [大竹伝雄] 相の状態による分類二相以上が関与する不均一系反応では、二相の接触状態が反応器の性能に大きく関係する。気‐液系反応では、二相を向流に接触させる吸収塔に準じた各種型式が採用される。気‐固系反応では、固体は粒状に成形され、塔内に固定層として充填(じゅうてん)されるか、移動層として塔内を重力によって下方に移動する。この間を気体は押出し流れに近い状態で流れる。粒子が細かい粉末となると上昇する気流によって粒子が浮遊し、この間を気体は気泡の形で上昇し、粒子は攪拌されて完全混合状態となる。これが流動層反応器である。 [大竹伝雄] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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