This refers to the speed at which a chemical reaction progresses. There are extremely fast reactions such as the explosion of gunpowder, fast reactions such as the precipitation reaction of metal ions in an aqueous solution, and slow reactions such as the hydrolysis of starch and the rusting of iron in moist air. These reaction rates are expressed as the rate at which the amount of reactant (the raw or product substance of the reaction) changes within a unit of time. The amount of reactant is often expressed as the concentration of the substance in a solution, or the pressure (partial pressure) of the substance in a gas. For example, In a chemical reaction, there is always a reaction to the right (forward reaction) and a reaction to the left (reverse reaction) occurring at the same time. From the actual measurement of the reverse reaction, its rate v ' is The reaction rate depends not only on the concentration of the reactants but also on the temperature. The temperature dependence of the rate constant is: [Toda Genjiro and Nakahara Katsunori] "Kyoritsu Chemical Library 8: Reaction Rate" edited by Cho Tetsuro (1974, Kyoritsu Publishing)" ▽ "Modern Physical Chemistry Lectures: Chemical Thermodynamics and Reaction Rate" by Hideshima Taketoshi (1996, Baifukan)" ▽ "Reaction Rate Theory" by Saito Katsuhiro (1998, Sankyo Publishing)" ▽ "Reaction Rate Theory" 3rd Edition by Keii Tominaga (2001, Tokyo Kagaku Dojin)" [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
化学反応の進む速さをいう。化学反応には火薬の爆発のようにきわめて速い反応、水溶液中での金属イオンの沈殿反応のような速い反応から、デンプンの加水分解反応、湿った空気中での鉄片が錆びる反応などのようにゆっくりとした反応がある。これらの反応速度は、単位時間内に反応物質(反応の原系または生成系の物質)の量がどれだけ変化したかという割合で表す。反応物質の量としては、溶液の場合はその物質の濃度、気体の場合はその物質の圧力(分圧)を用いることが多い。たとえば、 化学反応には、つねに反応式の右向きの反応(正反応)と同時に左向きの反応(逆反応)がおこっている。 逆反応の実測からその速度v'が、 反応速度は反応物質の濃度以外に温度にも依存する。速度定数の温度依存は、 [戸田源治郎・中原勝儼] 『長哲郎編『共立化学ライブラリー8 反応速度』(1974・共立出版)』▽『秀島武敏著『現代物理化学講義――化学熱力学と反応速度』(1996・培風館)』▽『斎藤勝裕著『反応速度論』(1998・三共出版)』▽『慶伊富長著『反応速度論』第3版(2001・東京化学同人)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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