Reaction rate

Japanese: 反応速度 - はんのうそくど(英語表記)reaction rate
Reaction rate

This refers to the speed at which a chemical reaction progresses. There are extremely fast reactions such as the explosion of gunpowder, fast reactions such as the precipitation reaction of metal ions in an aqueous solution, and slow reactions such as the hydrolysis of starch and the rusting of iron in moist air. These reaction rates are expressed as the rate at which the amount of reactant (the raw or product substance of the reaction) changes within a unit of time. The amount of reactant is often expressed as the concentration of the substance in a solution, or the pressure (partial pressure) of the substance in a gas. For example,
a A+ b B―→ c C+ d D
The reaction rate v is

When the measured rate is expressed in terms of the concentration of the reactant (reactant) in the reaction (expressed in brackets [ ]) in the following form,
v = k [A] m [B] n
m and n are called the order of the reaction for A and B, respectively, and m + n is called the order of the total reaction ( m and n may or may not be equal to a and b , respectively). When m = 1 and n = 1, the order of the total reaction is 2, that is, it is said to be a second-order reaction. In this case, if the initial concentrations of the reactants are known, a and b respectively, and a concentration of x has reacted by a certain time, then the remaining concentration is a - x , so

Here, the proportional constant k is called the rate constant. Since k is the rate when both A and B have unit concentrations, it is sometimes called the specific rate.

In a chemical reaction, there is always a reaction to the right (forward reaction) and a reaction to the left (reverse reaction) occurring at the same time.

From the actual measurement of the reverse reaction, its rate v ' is
v '= k '[C] p [D] q
where k ' is the rate constant for the reverse reaction. If the reaction reaches equilibrium, v = v ', which leads to the law of mass action.

The reaction rate depends not only on the concentration of the reactants but also on the temperature. The temperature dependence of the rate constant is:
k = A exp(- E a / RT )
Here, E is the activation energy, T is the absolute temperature, R is the gas constant, and A is a constant. This equation is called the Arrhenius equation. In a normal reaction, when the temperature rises by 10°C around room temperature, the reaction rate increases by about 2 to 4 times. This means that the activation energy (corresponding to the height of the energy barrier that must be overcome for the reaction to proceed) is 12 to 24 kilocalories per mole.

[Toda Genjiro and Nakahara Katsunori]

"Kyoritsu Chemical Library 8: Reaction Rate" edited by Cho Tetsuro (1974, Kyoritsu Publishing)" ▽ "Modern Physical Chemistry Lectures: Chemical Thermodynamics and Reaction Rate" by Hideshima Taketoshi (1996, Baifukan)" ▽ "Reaction Rate Theory" by Saito Katsuhiro (1998, Sankyo Publishing)""Reaction Rate Theory" 3rd Edition by Keii Tominaga (2001, Tokyo Kagaku Dojin)"

[Reference] | Arrhenius equation | Chemical reaction

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

化学反応の進む速さをいう。化学反応には火薬の爆発のようにきわめて速い反応、水溶液中での金属イオンの沈殿反応のような速い反応から、デンプンの加水分解反応、湿った空気中での鉄片が錆びる反応などのようにゆっくりとした反応がある。これらの反応速度は、単位時間内に反応物質(反応の原系または生成系の物質)の量がどれだけ変化したかという割合で表す。反応物質の量としては、溶液の場合はその物質の濃度、気体の場合はその物質の圧力(分圧)を用いることが多い。たとえば、
  aA+bB―→cC+dD
の反応で、その速度vは、

で表される。この速度の実測結果が、反応の原系の物質(反応物)の濃度([ ]をつけて表す)に次式のような形で表される場合、
  vk[A]m[B]n
mまたはnはそれぞれAまたはBについての反応の次数といい、mnを全反応の次数という(mnはそれぞれabに等しい場合も、そうでない場合もある)。m=1,n=1の場合、全反応の次数は2、すなわち二次反応であるという。この場合、反応物の初濃度がわかっていて、それぞれaおよびbであり、ある時刻までにxだけの濃度分が反応してしまったとすれば、残りの濃度は、axであるから、

ここで比例定数kを速度定数という。kはA、Bがいずれも単位の濃度のときの速度なので比速度ということもある。

 化学反応には、つねに反応式の右向きの反応(正反応)と同時に左向きの反応(逆反応)がおこっている。

 逆反応の実測からその速度v'が、
  v'=k'[C]p[D]q
で表されたとするとき、k'を逆反応の速度定数という。反応が平衡に達すればvv'であり、質量作用の法則が導かれる。

 反応速度は反応物質の濃度以外に温度にも依存する。速度定数の温度依存は、
  kAexp(-Ea/RT)
で表すことができる。ここにEは活性化エネルギー、Tは絶対温度、Rは気体定数、またAは定数である。この式をアレニウス式という。普通の反応では室温付近で温度が10℃上がると速度が2~4倍ぐらいになる。これは活性化エネルギー(反応が進むために乗り越えなければならないエネルギー障壁の高さに相当する)が1モル当り12~24キロカロリーであることを意味する。

[戸田源治郎・中原勝儼]

『長哲郎編『共立化学ライブラリー8 反応速度』(1974・共立出版)』『秀島武敏著『現代物理化学講義――化学熱力学と反応速度』(1996・培風館)』『斎藤勝裕著『反応速度論』(1998・三共出版)』『慶伊富長著『反応速度論』第3版(2001・東京化学同人)』

[参照項目] | アレニウス式 | 化学反応

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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