A nomadic culture that spread from the Black Sea to the Central Asian steppes from the 5th century BC to the end of the 4th century AD. The Sarmatian ethnic group was an Iranian nomadic people, like the Scythians, and is said to be a mixed group of Alans, Roxarans, Sauromatians, and others. Around the 5th to 4th centuries BC, they moved westward from Central Asia and lived in the area from the Tobol River to the Volga River, while oppressing the Scythians. Around the 2nd century BC, they expelled the Scythians from the southern Russian steppes north of the Black Sea and replaced them, fighting against the tribes of the Transcaucasia region and Rome. The Sarmatian culture shows an affinity with the Bronze Age culture (Andronovo culture) of Western Siberia, Kazakhstan, and the Minusinsk region, but its language and social structure are very similar to those of the Scythians. Both were skilled in equestrianism, but in contrast to the light equipment of the Scythians, they used stirrups, armor, spears, long swords for riding on horseback, and iron chain mail. Their arrowheads were Scythian-style three-winged iron arrowheads, and in addition to these weapons, horse equipment, horse decorations, clothing, golden plaques, and pottery have been found in tombs. However, they are not as plentiful as Scythian relics, and decorative patterns are rare, with geometric patterns being more common and bright colors being preferred. However, the Sarmatian culture of Central Asia and Siberia from the 5th to 3rd centuries BC is characterized by a wide variety of animal patterns (birds of prey, wild beasts, griffins) and cloisonné work, which is characteristic of nomadic pastoralism. Among them, the Oxus Treasure and the Golden Treasure collected by Peter the Great are particularly noteworthy. From the 3rd century BC to the beginning of the 3rd century AD, the Sarmatians established their dominance over the southern Russian steppes, and later crossed the Danube River to advance into the Roman Empire, but were eventually pushed back by the Germanic Goths, and at the end of the 4th century were conquered by the Huns (Xiongnu), who advanced westward from Asia. Notable relics from this late Sarmat culture include golden vases, ornaments, and jewelry excavated from the Novocherkassur Archaeological Mounds downstream of the Don River, the Zubov Archaeological Mound on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, and the Kurdzips Tomb in the Kuban region. They feature animal designs in the Central Asian or Siberian Sarmat style. [Muneo Shimizu] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
紀元前5世紀から後4世紀末にかけて黒海から中央アジア草原地帯に展開した遊牧民の文化。サルマートSarmat(サルマタイ)とよぶ民族集団は、スキタイと同じくイラン系の遊牧民族で、アラン、ロクサラン、サウロマタイその他との混交集団であるといわれる。前5~前4世紀ごろ、中央アジアから西方に移動してスキタイを圧迫しつつトボル川からボルガ川に及ぶ地域に居住した。前2世紀ごろ、黒海北方の南ロシア草原域からスキタイを放逐し、それにとってかわり、ザカフカス(トランスコーカサス)地方の諸族やローマとも戦った。サルマートの文化は、西シベリア、カザフスタン、ミヌシンスク地方の青銅器文化(アンドロノボ文化)と親近性を示しているが、その言語や社会構成はきわめてスキタイに類似する。ともに騎馬術に優れていたが、スキタイの軽装備とは対照的に、鐙(あぶみ)、甲冑(かっちゅう)、槍(やり)、馬上用の長剣、鉄製鎖帷子(かたびら)を使用した。鏃(やじり)は差込み式のスキタイ型三翼式鉄鏃(てつぞく)で、こうした武器以外に馬具・馬飾、衣服、黄金製飾り板、土器などが墳墓で発見されている。しかし、スキタイ遺物ほどには豊富でなく、装飾文様は動物意匠はまれで、幾何学的文様が多く、明彩色が好まれた。しかし、前5~前3世紀の中央アジアやシベリアでのサルマート文化には、多彩な動物文様(猛禽(もうきん)、猛獣、グリフィン)が目だち、遊牧的な特性の七宝(しっぽう)細工が特徴的である。なかでもオクサス遺宝やピョートル大帝収集の黄金の遺宝などが注目される。前3世紀から後3世紀初にかけてサルマートは南ロシア草原域で支配権を確立し、その後、ドナウ川を越えてローマ帝国領内に進出したが、やがてゲルマン系のゴート人に押され、4世紀末には、アジアから西進してきたフン人(匈奴(きょうど))に征服された。こうした後期サルマート文化の遺宝として、ドン川下流のノボチェルカッスル大遺丘群や黒海東岸のズボフ遺丘、クバン地方のクルドジプス古墳出土の黄金瓶子(へいし)や装身具、宝飾品が注目される。それらには中央アジア風またはシベリア風のサルマート様式の動物意匠がみられる。 [清水睦夫] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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