In the Islamic world, the area where women live in houses, mansions, palaces, and other dwellings. It is a Turkicized form of the Arabic word harīm, originally meaning "forbidden" or "sacred." The Holy Quran (Chapter 24) states, "Be chaste, and do not display beauty or ornaments except in what is outwardly visible. Do not show your private parts to anyone except your husband, parents, fathers-in-law, sons, and children." These commandments became the custom of isolating women. The seclusion of women in the palace is said to have begun during the time of Muawiyah (reigned 661-680), the first caliph of the Umayyad dynasty. The harems of the Abbasid caliphs and high officials are famously depicted in The Thousand and One Nights. Harems have always existed in the Ottoman court. The most well-known is the palace built by Mehmed II in the Bayezid district after the conquest of Constantinople (1453), where the rules for the harem were also established. When the emperor moved from that palace to the newly built Topkapi Palace in 1465, he left 300 harem women and 70 eunuchs there. The harem was supervised by eunuchs, and in the early days there was a white Slavic chief eunuch, but from the late 16th century until its abolition it was replaced by a black chief eunuch. It is said that the harem was moved to Topkapi Palace in 1578 after Murad III had a bedroom built in the back of the palace. For 400 years, until it was moved to Dolmabahçe Palace in 1853, the palace was expanded by successive sultans, and it became a labyrinth of narrow passages, courtyards, and hundreds of rooms, large and small, and its original form is unclear. The women in the harem were the sultan's relatives (the queen mother, his wives, and their children), odaluks (female slaves who were potential concubines), and the ladies-in-waiting who looked after them. Until the time of Suleiman the Magnificent (reigned 1520-66), the sultan's spouse was chosen from the daughters of neighboring kings and noble families, but as the empire expanded, those who were captured in wars, purchased from slave traders, or presented by high-ranking officials entered the harem. They were called female slaves (jaliye), converted to Islam, learned to read, write, embroider, dance, play musical instruments, and waited for the sultan's attention. The most powerful person in the harem was the sultan's mother. When Abdul Hamid II was deposed in 1909, the women from the harem at his last palace, Yıldız Palace, were taken in by relatives and the harem was effectively closed. [Yuzo Nagata] "Yuzo Itagaki (ed.), "World Women's History 14: From the Closed World" (1977, Hyoronsha) Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
イスラム世界で民家、館(やかた)、宮殿などの家屋において、婦人たちの起居する場所。アラビア語ハリームharīmのトルコ語化されたことばで、本来は「禁ぜられた」「神聖なる」を意味することばである。「コーラン」の聖句(第24章)のなかに、「貞淑を守れ、外に現れるもののほかは美や飾りを目だたせてはならない。自分の夫、親、舅(しゅうと)、息子、幼児以外のものに恥部を見せてはならない」と述べられている。これらの戒めが女性隔離の習慣となった。宮廷における女性の幽居制の始まりは、ウマイヤ朝の初代カリフ、ムアーウィヤ(在位661~680)のころといわれている。アッバース朝のカリフや高官のハレムのようすは『千夜一夜物語』に描かれていて名高い。 オスマン帝国の宮廷においてもハレムはつねに存在していた。とくに知られているのは、メフメト2世がコンスタンティノープル征服(1453)後、バヤジト地区に造営した宮殿で、ハレムの規則も制定された。帝はその宮殿から1465年に新たに建造したトプカプ宮殿に移るとき、ハレムの女性300人と70人の宦官(かんがん)をそこに残した。ハレムを監督するのは宦官たちで、初期にはスラブ系の白人宦官長もいたが、16世紀後半から廃止に至るまで黒人宦官長が務めた。トプカプ宮殿にハレムが移されたのは1578年ムラト3世が宮殿の奥に寝室を造営させた後といわれている。そこは以後、1853年にドルマバフチェ宮殿に移転するまで400年の間、歴代のスルタンによって次々と増築されたため、狭い通路、中庭、大小数百の部屋が雑然と並ぶ迷宮の様相を呈し、その原形はよくわからない。ハレム内の婦人たちはスルタンの親族(母后、夫人たち、その子供)、オダルック(「部屋付き」の意。側室候補である女奴隷)、彼女らを世話する女官たちからなっていた。スレイマン1世(在位1520~66)の時代まで、スルタンの配偶者は近隣の王の娘や豪族の娘から選ばれたが、帝国の領土拡大に伴い、戦争で捕虜になった者、奴隷商人から購入された者、高官から献上された者がハレムに入った。彼女たちは女奴隷(ジャーリエ)とよばれ、イスラム教に改宗し、読み書き、刺しゅう、踊り、楽器演奏などを学び、スルタンの目通りを待った。ハレム第一の権力者はスルタンの母親であった。1909年アブデュル・ハミト2世が退位させられると、最後の宮殿ユルドゥズ宮のハレムにいた女性たちは親類縁者に引き取られ、ハレムは事実上閉鎖された。 [永田雄三] 『板垣雄三編『世界の女性史 14 閉ざされた世界から』(1977・評論社)』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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