This area occupies the northern part of Central Park in Manhattan, New York City, USA. It was built in 1658 by the Dutchman Peter Stuyvesant and named after Haarlem, Netherlands. It was also the site of the Battle of Harlem Heights in September 1776 during the American Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, it was used as a summer resort, and in the 1880s it became a high-end residential area. In the 20th century, the opening of the subway, which was scheduled to open, was delayed, causing land prices to plummet, and blacks from the South began to move there. After World War I, it became a residential and commercial area mainly for blacks. In the 1920s, literary and musical activities flourished here, with L. Hughes, A. Locke, C. McKay, and D. Ellington as the center of the area, ushering in an era known as the "Harlem Renaissance." However, after World War II, housing conditions deteriorated, and many blacks suffered from unemployment and poverty due to racial discrimination, which led to major social problems such as crime, drugs, and riots. In the 1980s, more and more residents moved to other areas, and new housing developments and home renovations were carried out. The East Harlem district is now known as "Hispanic Harlem" due to the growing number of residents, mainly Puerto Ricans. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
アメリカ合衆国,ニューヨーク市マンハッタン区セントラルパークの北部一帯を占める地域。 1658年オランダ人のピーター・ストイベサントによって建設され,オランダのハールレムにちなんでニューハーレムと名づけられた。アメリカ独立戦争時の 1776年9月にはハーレム高地の戦闘の舞台ともなる。 19世紀に入るとそれまでの農牧地から夏の避暑地として使われるようになり,1880年代には高級住宅地となる。 20世紀に入ると開通する予定であった地下鉄の開業が遅れたことにより地価が急落,南部から流入してきた黒人が移り住むようになり,第1次世界大戦後は黒人を中心とした住宅・商業地となった。 1920年代には L.ヒューズ,A.ロック,C.マッケイ,D.エリントンなど,この地を中心に文学・音楽活動が盛んとなり「ハーレム・ルネサンス」と呼ばれる時代を迎えた。しかし,第2次世界大戦後,住宅状況が劣悪化するとともに,人種差別からくる失業,貧困にあえぐ多くの黒人は,犯罪や麻薬,暴動など大きな社会問題を引起すようになった。 80年代に入りほかの場所に移住する住民がふえるとともに新たな宅地開発や住宅の改修も行われている。なおイースト・ハーレム地区にはプエルトリコを中心とする住民がふえ「ヒスパニック・ハーレム」と呼ばれている。
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