The capital of the province of Noord-Holland in the west of the Netherlands. Population 148,377 (2001). Located about 7 km inland from the North Sea, with coastal sand dunes between the two. Hyacinths, crocuses, daffodils, and other flowers are cultivated in the sand dunes on the southwestern outskirts, making it the center of Dutch floriculture. The city is especially famous for tulip cultivation, which was introduced from Asia Minor in the 15th century, and its bulbs are exported all over the world. Wool and brewing industries have been active here since ancient times, but shipbuilding, machinery, and textile industries are currently developing. It prospered after the construction of the palace of the Count of Holland in the 11th century, and gained autonomy in 1245. It was occupied briefly by rebellious peasants in 1492, and was surrounded and plundered by Spanish troops in 1573 during the War of Independence. Since the 15th century, it has been a center of art, and in the 17th century in particular, it produced many Haarlem school painters such as Ruisdael and Hals, and the architect Kay was also active. The old town is surrounded by the Spaarne River and a moat, and surrounding a large central square are a number of old buildings, including the Old Town Hall, the Grote Kapelle, and the Freischal (former meat market, now the public archives). [Takaharu Hasegawa] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
オランダ西部、ノールト・ホラント州の州都。人口14万8377(2001)。北海から約7キロメートルの内陸に位置し、両者の間には海岸砂丘が横たわる。南西郊外の砂丘地帯では、ヒヤシンス、クロッカス、スイセンなどが栽培され、オランダの花卉(かき)園芸の中心地となっている。とくに15世紀に小アジアから導入されたチューリップ栽培が有名で、その球根は世界中へ輸出される。また古くから羊毛工業、醸造業が行われていたが、現在は造船、機械、繊維の諸工業が発展する。11世紀にホラント伯の宮殿が建設されてから繁栄し、1245年に自治権を獲得した。その後1492年に反乱農民が一時占拠し、また独立戦争中の1573年にはスペイン軍により包囲、略奪された。15世紀以降、芸術の中心となり、とくに17世紀にはロイスダール、ハルスなどハールレム派の画家を多数輩出し、建築家カイも活躍した。旧市街はスパールネ川と堀で囲まれ、中央の大広場を取り巻いて旧市庁舎、大教会、フレースハル(昔の肉市場、現在は公文書館)など古い建物群がある。 [長谷川孝治] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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