In logic, relationships are classified quite formally. For example, a relationship R that satisfies the condition "If R holds between a and b, then it also holds between b and a" is called a "reversible relationship," while a relationship R that satisfies the condition "If R holds between a and b and also between b and c, then it also holds between a and c" is called a "transitive relationship." To give one example, a friendship relationship is generally a reversible relationship, but not a transitive relationship. In addition to ordinary relationships, logic also generally considers n-ary relationships, such as ternary and quaternary relationships. For example, in the case of a binary relation, we can represent this relation by using the set of all pairs in which the relation holds. By regarding relations in general as sets, the results of set theory can be applied to discussions of relations, and as a result the "logic of relations" becomes clear. [Yoshida Natsuhiko] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
論理学では、かなり形式的に、関係を分類する。たとえば、「Rがaとbとの間に成り立てば、bとaとの間にも成り立つ」という条件を満たす関係Rは「可逆的な関係」とよばれ、「Rがaとbとの間に成り立ち、またbとcとの間にも成り立てば、aとcとの間にも成り立つ」という条件を満たす関係Rは「推移的な関係」とよばれる。一例をあげれば、友人関係は、一般に可逆的な関係であるが、推移的な関係ではない。なお、論理学では、普通の関係のほか、3項関係、4項関係など、一般にn項関係も考える。 たとえば2項関係の場合、その関係の成立する対の全体からなる集合を使ってこの関係を代表させることができる。こうして一般に関係を集合とみなすことにより、集合論の成果を関係についての議論に適用することができるようになり、その結果「関係の論理学」が見通しのよいものとなった。 [吉田夏彦] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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