Generally, it is a common term in each country, like palace (English), palays (French), and palast (German), which are derived from the Latin palatium, and mean palace. Originally, palatium was the name (proper noun) of a hill in Rome, but since it was the residence of the ancient Roman emperors, it was also used as a common noun meaning palace. On the other hand, when the word palazzo is used in architectural history, it is not limited to palaces built in Italy from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance, but also refers to urban architecture including government buildings and private residences. In medieval Italy, especially in the inland areas north of Tuscany, a style was popular in which palazzos were equipped with high towers, had thick walls, and had windows on the upper floors to provide a defensive posture, reflecting the times of turmoil. Meanwhile, in the commercial port city of Venice, buildings began to have light and airy exteriors with open outer corridors, and this type of floor plan continued for a long time there. By the end of the 13th century, the unique palazzo style became established as an urban government office in the Lombardy region. It was a simple two-story rectangular building with an outer corridor around the first floor and a single hall on the second floor, but later underwent various transformations depending on the region. In the 15th century, palazzos became the most important urban architectural project in Tuscany, especially in Florence, and the following characteristics can be seen in this type of building in the region. They have three floors, and the height of each floor decreases as the floors rise, but the height of the first floor is about twice that of modern residential buildings. The walls are made of rough stone using the Rustic method, with the first floor being extremely rough, the second floor with recessed joints, and the third floor being smooth, gradually becoming lighter and lighter. The windows are small and heavily protected on the first floor, but larger on the upper floors and are arranged to harmonize well with the wall composition. At the top of the building, heavy eaves are placed to maintain balance with the wall, emphasizing the three-dimensional effect of the building. The exterior of the building changes in various ways depending on the tastes of the client and the intentions of the designer, but the exterior composition is not destroyed by the purpose of the interior. Inside, a large courtyard is surrounded by a colonnade, and a large staircase is installed in one corner to lead to the corridors and rooms on the upper floors. This style established in Florence was later further enhanced in Rome, but did not change substantially even during the Baroque period. However, in the 16th century, emphasis began to be placed on the perspective treatment of the enclosed space of the courtyard, in addition to the exterior appearance of the building. There are many historical palazzos throughout Italy, but the most representative ones are probably the following: [Katsuya Hamatani] Palazzo Medici RiccardiPalazzo Medici-Riccardi (Florence) It is said that the great architect Brunelleschi was the first to begin designing the building at the request of Cosimo, head of the Medici family. However, Cosimo, fearing that the building's excessive grandeur would provoke resentment among the citizens, rejected the plan and instead commissioned Michelozzo di Bartolomeo to design it. Construction began in 1444 and was completed in 1459. It was the first example of the typical Tuscan style mentioned above, but after it became the property of the Riccardi family in 1659, it was repaired and expanded, so it is different from when it was first built. [Katsuya Hamatani] Palazzo FarnesePalazzo Farnese (Rome) The most outstanding palazzo in the entire Renaissance, construction began around 1514 by the younger Antonio da Sangallo, commissioned by Cardinal Alessandro Farnese (later Pope Paul III). However, construction was delayed due to two design changes, and after Antonio's death in 1546, Michelangelo redesigned the eaves at the top of the exterior walls and the central entrance, creating a heavy and imposing exterior. Michelangelo also unified the eaves, pilasters, and windows on each floor of the walls facing the large courtyard with classical motifs, emphasizing the visual effect of the interior space. Giacomo da Porta then added a portico on the northwest side, and construction was completed in 1589. [Katsuya Hamatani] Palazzo Vendramin KalergiPalazzo Vendramin Calergi (Venice) Because the city developed on a cluster of small islands, most of the palazzos had their eaves facing the Grand Canal, which was the main passageway, and therefore the facades of the buildings were particularly important. This building, begun by Coducci and completed in 1509 by the Lombardo father and son, is the most beautiful Renaissance-style palazzo in Venice, with its facade featuring alternating pilasters between large decorative windows and an excellent decorative effect created by the interplay of three-dimensional eaves on each floor. It is also famous as the house where the composer Wagner died. [Katsuya Hamatani] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
一般にはラテン語のパラティウムpalatiumを語源とするパレスpalace(英語)、パレpalais(フランス語)、パラストPalast(ドイツ語)と同じく各国共通の用語で、宮殿を意味する。元来パラティウムはローマにある一つの丘の名称(固有名詞)であるが、ここに古代ローマの諸皇帝の住居が建てられたことから、宮殿を意味する普通名詞としても使われた。一方、建築史のうえでとくにパラッツォの語を用いる場合には、イタリアの中世からルネサンスにかけて造営された宮殿に限らず、政庁舎から個人邸宅までを含む都市建築を総称する。 中世のイタリア、とくにトスカナ以北の内陸地方では、混乱の時代を反映して、パラッツォに高塔を併設して壁体を厚く巡らし、窓を上階にあけて防御体勢を整える形式が流行した。一方、商港都市ベネチアでは、開放的な外廊を巡らして軽快な外観をみせ始め、この種の平面プランは同地において長く行われた。13世紀末になると、ロンバルディア地方に都市政庁としての独特のパラッツォ形式が定着する。二階建て長方形で、一階には外廊を巡らし、二階には単一の広間が開ける単純な形式であったが、のち地域により多様な変貌(へんぼう)を遂げた。 15世紀に入ると、トスカナ地方、とくにフィレンツェにおいてパラッツォは都市建築のもっとも重要な課題となるが、当地のこの種の建造物には次のような特徴が認められる。階数は三階で、各階の高さは階が高まるごとに減少するが、一階目の高さは現在の住宅建築の約2倍ある。壁面には粗い石材によるルスティカ方式が採用され、一階はきわめて粗く、二階は目地だけくぼませ、三階は平滑にと、しだいに軽快になる。窓は、一階では小さくしかも厳重に保護されるが、上階では大きく、壁面構成によく調和するよう配置される。建物の上端には壁面と均衡を保つように重厚な軒が配され、建物の立体的効果を強調する。建物の外観には建築主の好みや設計者の意図によって多様な変化が生まれるが、内部の使用目的によって外部の構成が崩されることはない。そして、内部には中庭が広くとられ、これを囲んで柱廊が配され、その一角に大階段を設けて上階の通廊や各室に導くようになっている。この、フィレンツェで確立された形式は、その後ローマにおいていっそう豪華さを増すが、バロック時代に入っても実質的な変化はなかった。しかし16世紀に入ると、建物の外観だけでなく、中庭の閉ざされた空間の透視画的な処理が重要視されるようになった。 イタリア各地に歴史的なパラッツォは数多いが、代表的なものは次の諸事例であろう。 [濱谷勝也] パラッツォ・メディチ・リッカルディPalazzo Medici-Riccardi(フィレンツェ) メディチ家の当主コジモの要請により、最初に設計に着手したのは大建築家ブルネレスキといわれる。しかし、そのあまりの威容が市民の反感を誘うことを恐れたコジモは、この設計案を拒否し、改めてミケロッツォ・ディ・バルトロメオに設計を依頼、1444年に起工、59年に完成された。前述のトスカナ地方の典型的様式を備えた最初の事例であるが、1659年にリッカルディ家の所有になったのち、補修・拡張が加えられたため、創建当時とは異なっている。 [濱谷勝也] パラッツォ・ファルネーゼPalazzo Farnese(ローマ) ルネサンス全期を通じてもっとも傑出したパラッツォで、枢機卿(すうききょう)アレッサンドロ・ファルネーゼ(後の教皇パウルス3世)の委嘱を受けた若いほうのアントニオ・ダ・サンガッロが1514年ごろ起工。しかし、二度にわたる設計変更のため工事が遅れ、46年のアントニオの死後、ミケランジェロが外壁上端の軒や中央玄関を改めて設計し直し、重厚で威圧するような外観を整えた。ミケランジェロはさらに、広い中庭に面した壁面を装おう各階ごとの軒、片蓋(かたぶた)柱、窓などをすべて古典的モチーフで統一し、内部空間の視覚的効果を強調している。ついでジャコモ・ダ・ポルタが北西側の柱廊を追加し、1589年に工事が完了した。 [濱谷勝也] パラッツォ・ベンドラミン・カレルギPalazzo Vendramin Calergi(ベネチア) この都市は群集した小島の上に発達したため、パラッツォのほとんどが主要な通路である大運河に面して軒を並べることになり、したがって建物の正面がとくに重要視されてきた。コドゥッチが起工、ロンバルド父子により1509年に完成されたこの建物は、ベネチアにおけるルネサンス様式のもっとも美しいパラッツォで、正面は大きな装飾窓の間に交互に片蓋柱を組み込み、階層ごとの立体感のある軒との交錯によって優れた装飾効果をみせている。作曲家ワーグナー終焉(しゅうえん)の家としても有名である。 [濱谷勝也] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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