1869-1948 Leader of the Indian independence movement. Born into a family of Vaishya (merchant) caste in western India, revered as the father of the nation and honored as Mahatma (great soul), he graduated from the University of London and became a lawyer. From 1893 to 1914, he led the anti-racism movement in South Africa. During this time, he began the non-violent civil disobedience movement. After returning to India, he joined the Indian National Congress Party, and after World War I, he led the First and Second Satyagraha Movements (1919-22, 30-34) to realize Swaraj and Swadeshi against British oppression such as the Rowlatt Act, and was imprisoned 22 times. To put Swaraj into practice, he personally turned a charkha (spinning wheel) to promote hand-woven cloth, and in 1930 he successfully marched 360 km to make salt on the coast, the "Salt March." In 1935, Britain implemented the New Government of India Act. India's demand for independence was ignored. On the other hand, he called the untouchables (pariahs) "children of God (Harijans)" as he felt they were still discriminated against in India, and worked hard to liberate them. In 1946, after the Second World War, Britain recognized India's independence, and in 1947 the Union of India (mainly Hindus) and Pakistan (mainly Muslims) were separated and independent. He continued to hope for the realization of a unified India, but was assassinated by a Hindu in 1948. Source: Obunsha World History Dictionary, Third Edition About Obunsha World History Dictionary, Third Edition |
1869〜1948 インド独立運動の指導者。国父と仰がれ,マハトマ(偉大な魂)と尊称される 西部インドのヴァイシャ(商人)のカーストに属する家に生まれ,ロンドン大学卒業後,弁護士となる。1893年から1914年まで南アフリカで人種差別反対運動を指導。この間,非暴力・不服従運動を始める。帰国後,国民会議派に加わり,第一次世界大戦後,ローラット法などのイギリスの弾圧に対しスワラージ・スワデーシー実現のために第一次・第二次サティヤーグラハ運動を指導し(1919〜22,30〜34),22回投獄された。彼はスワラージ実践のため,みずからチャルカ(糸繰車)をまわして手織布を奨励したり,1930年には360kmを行進して,海岸で塩をつくるという「塩の行進」を成功させたりした。イギリスは1935年,新インド統治法を施行。インドの独立要求は無視された。いっぽう,彼は国内に残る差別として,不可触賤民(パリア)を「神の子(ハリジャン)」と呼び,その解放に努力した。第二次世界大戦後の1946年,イギリスはインドの独立を承認,47年インド連邦(ヒンドゥー教徒主体)とパキスタン(イスラーム教徒主体)が分離独立した。彼はこの後も統一インドの実現を願っていたが,1948年にヒンドゥー教徒によって暗殺された。 出典 旺文社世界史事典 三訂版旺文社世界史事典 三訂版について 情報 |
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