Born October 9, 1948 in London, England, Oliver D'Arcy Hart is an American economist. His father was a famous British physician, and his great-grandfather was the Jewish banker and Liberal Party member of the House of Commons, Samuel Montagu, who held the title of Baron. He received a bachelor's degree in mathematics from King's College, Cambridge in 1969, a master's degree in economics from the University of Warwick in 1972, and a doctorate in economics from Princeton University in 1974. He taught at the University of Essex from 1974 to 1975 and at the University of Cambridge from 1975 to 1981, and was professor of economics at the London School of Economics from 1981 to 1985 and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1985 to 1993. He has since taught at Harvard University, where he has been the Andrew E. Fuller Professor of Economics since 1997. He made valuable contributions to solving the problem of "information asymmetry" in employment contracts, insurance contracts, and business and commercial transactions, and what came to be called "incomplete contracts," contracts in which the parties cannot prepare detailed terms in advance. According to Hart, in such situations, if the parties cannot agree, the contract should specify who has the decision-making power. He also applied his theory to advocate the privatization of the prison system. In 2016, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences (→Nobel Prize) along with Finnish economist Bengt Holmström for his contributions to contract theory. heart
Hurt, William Born: March 20, 1950, Washington, DC
American actor. After performing in repertory theatre, he made his film debut in Altered States (1980). His first leading role was in Body Heat (1981). He won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his role as a gay prisoner in Kiss of the Spider Woman (1985). He also received critical acclaim for his performances in Children of a Lesser God (1986), Broadcast News (1987), and A History of Violence (2005). His other films include The Accidental Tourist (1988), Smoke (1995), One True Thing (1998), Syriana (2005), and Into the Wild (2007). He has also appeared in the TV series Dune (2000) and Damages (2009), as well as the TV movie Master Spy: The Robert Hanssen Story (2002). heart
Harte, (Francis) Bret Born: August 25, 1836 in Albany, New York
Died: May 5, 1902, London. American author. He moved from place to place with his family as a boy, and settled in California in 1854. He became editor-in-chief of Overland Monthly magazine when it was first published in 1868. His representative short stories, The Luck of Roaring Camp (1868), The Outcasts of Poker Flat (1869), and Tennessee's Partner (1869), are famous as pioneers of novels rich in local color. In 1870, he published a collection of these stories, The Luck of Roaring Camp, and Other Stories. After moving east in 1871, he did not do well as a writer, but he became consul in Crefeld, Prussia in 1878 and consul in Glasgow in 1880, and spent the rest of his life in London from 1885. Other humorous poems include "The Plain Language From Truthful James" (70, also called "The Heathen Chinese"). heart
Hearts A card game where the less you take, the more you win. It is said to have originated from Reversi, which was played in the 18th century, and developed in the United States around 1880. It is usually played by four people. All 52 cards, excluding jokers, are dealt clockwise, one at a time. The player to the left of the dealer plays a card, and if there is a card of the same suit as the one that was played, it must be played. If there is no card, another card can be used instead, but playing a card does not win. The order of strength of the cards is A, K, Q, J, 10, ..., 2. The person who wins the first round plays the next round. The game continues in this way until the end, and the player who has taken the fewest ♡ cards wins. In the chip method, after each game, one chip is paid into the table for each ♡ card won, and the person who did not take any ♡ takes all 13 chips. When everyone has taken a ♡, they carry their chips over to the next game. If one player has taken all 13 ♡ cards, they do not have to pay chips. One variation of the heart is the Black Lady Hearts. In this version, the ♠ and Q are also negative cards, so each card counts towards the negative 13. heart
Hart, Albert Bushnell Born July 1, 1854 in Clarksville, Pennsylvania.
[Died] June 16, 1943. Belmont, Massachusetts. American historian. Graduated from Harvard University in 1880. Studied in Paris and Berlin, and obtained his doctorate from the University of Freiburg in 1883. He began teaching at Harvard University the same year, and served as professor of history and political science at the university from 1997 to 1926. He became president of the American Historical Association in 1909, and president of the American Political Science Association in 2012. He is the author of approximately 100 books, co-authored books, and edited series, including American Nation (28 volumes, 1903-18). His main work is The Foundations of American Foreign Policy (1892). heart
Hart, Moss Born: October 24, 1904, New York, New York
[Died] December 20, 1961. Palm Springs, California. American playwright and director. He wrote comedies such as Once in a Lifetime (1930) and You Can't Take It with You (1936, Pulitzer Prize) in collaboration with George Kaufman, and is famous for the musical Lady in the Dark (1941). As a director, his representative works include My Fair Lady (1956) and Camelot (1960). He also wrote an autobiography, "Act One" (1959). heart
Hart, Sir Robert Born: 1835, Ulster
[Died] 1911
A British diplomat who became the highest official in the administration of customs (→maritime customs) during the Qing dynasty in China. His Chinese name was Hede. He was born in Northern Ireland. He was appointed to China as an interpreter in 1854 (Xianfeng 4), became deputy tax commissioner of Guangdong in 1859, and was promoted to chief tax commissioner in 1863 (Tongzhi 2). In addition to working to improve the customs system, he also had a strong voice in the diplomacy, finance, and trade of the Qing dynasty, and was a good advocate for the interests of his home country. Dissatisfied with the Qing dynasty's transfer of the chief tax commissioner from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the "Tax Office," he returned to China on leave in 1908 (Guangxu 34) and died in office. heart
Hart, Herbert Lionel Adolphus Born: July 18, 1907.
[Died] December 19, 1992.
British legal philosopher. He graduated from Oxford University and became a lawyer, but returned to his alma mater to teach after World War II. A representative philosopher of the so-called ordinary language school, he introduced its methods into legal philosophy, elucidating the historical and social structure and function of law using the concept of rules. He distinguished between the definition or recognition of law and the evaluation of law, and refined the arguments of legal positivism. His main work is The Concept of Law (1961). heart
Hart, William Surrey Born: December 6, 1870, Newburgh, New York
[Died] June 23, 1946, Newhole, California. American film actor. He started out as a touring theater actor and then moved to film, where he became one of the greatest western stars of the silent film era with his profound characterizations. He often served as both producer and director. His leading roles include Lordon the Will-o'-the-Wisp (1918), The Checkpoint (20), and Two Guns (23). heart
Hart, Charles [raw]?
[died] August 1683, Stanmore, Middlesex. English actor. Believed to be the son of William Hart, the actor who was Shakespeare's nephew. He started out as a boy playing female roles at Blackfriars and Killigrew's, but as an adult he was well-received for his roles in Othello and Brutus. He is often mentioned in S. Pepys's Diary. heart
Hart, John Born: circa 1711. Stoninton, Connecticut
[Died] May 11, 1779.
A politician during the American Revolution. One of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. He served as a member of the New Jersey Provincial Assembly from 1761 to 1771, and as a representative of New Jersey in the Continental Congress in 1776. He was chairman of the New Jersey Committee of Safety from 1777 to 1778. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
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