Blasting - Leaves

Japanese: 発破 - はっぱ
Blasting - Leaves

Destroying an object using explosives. Used for excavating hard rocks and for mining ores and coal. Blasting consists of a series of steps, including drilling a blast hole to load explosives, loading explosives, blocking the blast hole with a filler, and ignition. Drilling a blast hole can be done by hand using a chisel and hammer, or mechanically using a jackhammer or auger. Hand digging is only done specially in small mines, and generally a jackhammer is used. Augers are used for soft bodies such as coal seams. In contrast to mechanical digging using a jackhammer, there is a method in which a combustion flame of oxygen and fuel oil is sprayed from a nozzle to melt the hard rock and drill a hole. This is called jet piercing. Once the blast hole is drilled, a detonator-attached explosive (parent die) and a sympathetic explosive are pushed to the bottom of the hole in sequence using a wooden filler rod. Next, sand or clay is pushed into the mouth of the blast hole. This is called the filler, and in order to prevent dust and gunpowder smoke during blasting, a vinyl bag filled with water (water bag) is sometimes used as the filler and placed in contact with the explosives. Filling increases the blasting effect, and in coal seam blasting, it is used to prevent gas and coal dust explosions. There are two methods of igniting blasting: fuse blasting, in which an industrial detonator is attached with a fuse and ignited with a lighter, and electric blasting, in which the leg wire of an electric detonator is connected to the blasting device via a blasting main wire and ignited with a specified current.

[Nobuo Fusamura]

Various blasting methods

At the face of a tunnel excavation, several blast holes are placed in a special arrangement in the center, and this part is blasted first. This is called core blasting. Next, the blast holes arranged around them are blasted in sequence to complete the blasting of the entire surface. This method of blasting several shots at a time is called stage blasting. In fuse blasting, the stage interval is adjusted by the length of the fuse, and in electric blasting, several stages of delayed detonators or millisecond detonators with different ignition times are used. The latter is called millisecond blasting. A method of exploding multiple blast holes at the same time is called simultaneous blasting, large-scale blasting in which a tunnel is excavated on a mountainside to create a tunnel chamber and a large amount of explosives is loaded and exploded is called tunnel blasting or tunnel chamber blasting, blast holes longer than 5 to 10 meters are used are called long hole blasting, and blasting done with care to ensure that the finished surface of the surrounding walls is smooth when excavating a tunnel is called smooth blasting. In blasting, the amount of explosive required to explode a unit amount is almost constant, depending on the physical properties of the material to be destroyed, the type of explosive, the blasting method, etc. This is called a standard charge, and if the amount of explosive is too much, it is called an overcharge, and if it is too little, it is called an undercharge. When a non-standard charge is used, large blocks are likely to be produced, which may need to be broken into smaller blocks by secondary blasting. In this type of small-block blasting, explosives are sometimes placed on the large blocks without making blasting holes, and the blocks are then covered with clay or the like before being exploded. This is called pasted-on blasting.

[Nobuo Fusamura]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

爆薬を用いて物体を破壊すること。堅固な岩石などの掘削、鉱石や石炭の採掘に用いられる。発破作業は、爆薬を装填(そうてん)する発破孔の穿孔(せんこう)、爆薬の装填、込物(こめもの)による発破孔の閉塞(へいそく)、点火などの一連の工程からなる。発破孔の穿孔は、たがねとハンマーによる手掘りと、削岩機、オーガーなどによる機械掘りとがある。手掘りは小規模鉱山などで特別に行うだけで、一般に削岩機が用いられ、石炭層など軟質体にはオーガーが用いられる。削岩機などによる機械掘りに対し、酸素と燃料油の燃焼炎をノズルから噴射して堅い岩石を溶かして穿孔する方法がある。これをジェットピアシングという。発破孔が穿孔されると雷管を取り付けた爆薬(親ダイ)と殉爆させる爆薬とを順次孔底まで木製の込め棒で押し込む。次に砂または粘土を発破孔の口元まで押し込む。これを込物といい、発破時の粉塵(ふんじん)および硝煙を防止するため爆薬に接して水を満たしたビニル袋(水袋)を込物として使用することもある。込物は発破効果を高め、炭層発破ではガス・炭塵爆発を防止するために行う。発破の点火には、工業雷管に導火線をつけライターなどで点火する導火線発破と、電気雷管の脚線を発破母線を経由して発破器につなぎ所定の電流で点火する電気発破とがある。

[房村信雄]

種々の発破法

坑道掘進の切羽(きりは)面などでは、その中心部に数本の発破孔を特殊な配置で設け、この部分を最初に発破する。これを心抜(しんぬき)発破という。次にその周囲部分に配置した発破孔の発破を順次行って全面の発破を完了する。このように数発ずつ順次発破する方法を段発発破といい、導火線発破では導火線の長さで段発間隔を調整し、電気発破では発火時間の異なる数段の遅発雷管またはミリセコンド雷管を用いる。後者を用いたものをミリセコンド発破という。多数の発破孔を同時に爆発させる方法を斉発発破、山腹などに坑道を掘進して坑室を設け、多量の爆薬を装填して爆発させる大規模発破を坑道発破または坑室発破、5~10メートル以上の長い発破孔によるものを長孔発破、坑道掘進で周壁の仕上り面が滑らかになるように配慮して行う発破をスムーズブラスティングという。発破は、被破壊物の物性、爆薬の種類、発破方法などによって、単位量の爆砕に必要な爆薬量がほぼ一定している。これを標準装薬といい、爆薬量が多すぎるとき過装薬、少なすぎるとき弱装薬という。標準装薬ではないときは大塊を生じやすく、これに対して二次発破により小割(こわり)しなければならないことがある。この種の小割発破では発破孔を設けず大塊上に爆薬を置き、粘土などで覆って爆砕することもある。これを貼付(はりつけ)発破という。

[房村信雄]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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