Bladder

Japanese: 膀胱 - ぼうこう
Bladder

A smooth muscle sac-like organ that stores urine sent from the kidneys. The bladder is connected to the kidneys by the ureters and to the outside of the body by the urethra. The shape, size, and thickness of the wall of the bladder change significantly depending on the amount of urine inside. In adults, it is a flattened sphere with a diameter of about 3 centimeters when empty, and becomes almost oval when filled with urine, while in children it is pear-shaped. The bladder is located in the anterior part of the lesser pelvic cavity, just behind the pubic symphysis, with its long axis sloping from anteriorly superior to posteriorly inferior. From above this axis, it can be divided into the bladder apex, bladder body, and bladder base.

The bladder apex rarely exceeds the upper edge of the pubic symphysis even when a significant amount of urine is present, but when the bladder is full and in children, it rises above the upper edge. A connective tissue cord (median umbilical cord) ascends from the apex of the bladder along the posterior side of the anterior abdominal wall toward the navel. This is a relic of the urachus from fetal life. The posterior part of the bladder body is in contact with the rectum in men and the uterus and vagina in women, and the serous membrane (peritoneum) covering the upper surface of the bladder is inverted and continuous with the surfaces of these organs. The ureters enter the bladder from the left and right posterolateral parts of the bladder base. Urine flows into the bladder through the ureters every few seconds and accumulates there until urination. The bladder wall is made up of a mucosal epithelium (transitional epithelium) that covers the lumen and three layers of smooth muscle, and urination occurs when these muscles contract. During urination, the smooth internal bladder sphincter and striated external bladder sphincter developed around the junction of the bladder and urethra relax to aid in urination. In adults, the sphincter muscles allow the bladder to remain full even when it is full, but in children, the ability to control a full bladder is underdeveloped, leading to bedwetting. Bedwetting normally continues until the age of 3 or 4.

When the bladder is empty, the inner surface is often folded due to bladder contraction. However, there is a triangular part on the inner surface of the base of the bladder with the apex pointing downward, which is always smooth. The (internal) ureteral orifice is located at the two ends of the base of this triangle, and the (internal) urethral orifice is located at the apex. The bladder capacity of an adult male is about 600cc, with a maximum capacity of 800cc, and in women it is said to be one-sixth of that of a man. When the amount of urine in the bladder reaches a certain level (about 250cc), the stretch receptors in the bladder wall are stimulated, which in turn stimulates the spinal bladder center of the parasympathetic nervous system, causing a micturition reflex. This reflex causes the muscles of the bladder wall to contract, relaxing the internal vesical sphincter, and the external vesical sphincter to be relaxed at will, allowing urine to be guided into the urethra. In men, the urethra penetrates the prostate and corpus cavernosum of the penis to open into the external urethral orifice, while in women, it opens closely to the anterior wall of the vagina from in front of the vaginal opening (vaginal vestibule).

[Kazuyo Shimai and Koji Uemi]

Bladder Structure
The diagram shows the male bladder . ©Shogakukan

Bladder Structure


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

腎臓(じんぞう)から送られる尿の貯蔵の役割を果たす平滑筋性の嚢(のう)状の臓器。膀胱は尿管によって腎臓とつながり、尿道によって体外へつながる。膀胱の形状、大小、壁の厚さは内部の尿量の増減で著しく変化する。成人では空虚なときは圧平された径約3センチメートルの球形で、尿が充満するとほぼ卵形となり、子供ではナシ形となる。膀胱の位置は小骨盤腔(くう)の前部で、恥骨(ちこつ)結合のすぐ後側にあり、長軸は前上方から後下方に傾斜している。その軸の上方から膀胱尖(せん)・膀胱体・膀胱底に分けることができる。

 膀胱尖は尿が相当量に達した場合でも恥骨結合の上縁を超えることは少ないが、尿の充満時や子供では上縁の上方まで上昇する。膀胱尖からは結合組織性の索(さく)(正中臍索(さいさく))がへそに向かって前腹壁の後側を上行する。これは胎児時代の尿膜管の遺物である。膀胱体の後方には、男性では直腸、女性では子宮と腟(ちつ)が接し、膀胱の上方表面を覆う漿膜(しょうまく)(腹膜)はそれらの臓器の表面へと反転して連続している。膀胱底の左右後外側部から尿管が膀胱に入る。尿は尿管を通って数秒ごとに膀胱に流れ込み、排尿までそこにたまる。膀胱の壁は内腔を覆う粘膜上皮(移行上皮)と3層の平滑筋層からなり、この筋群の収縮で排尿がおこる。排尿の際には、膀胱と尿道の接合部の周囲に発達した平滑筋性の内膀胱括約筋と横紋筋性の外膀胱括約筋が緩み、排尿を助けている。成人の場合、膀胱内の尿が充満していても、括約筋の働きで排尿しないでいられるが、子供では充満した膀胱をコントロールする力が未発達であるため、夜尿(やにょう)となる。夜尿は、正常でも3~4歳まで続く。

 膀胱の内面は、空虚のときは膀胱の収縮のためひだが多い。しかし、膀胱底の内面には頂点を下方に向けた三角形状をしている部分があり、ここはつねに平滑である。この三角形の底辺の両端の位置に(内)尿管口、頂点の部分に(内)尿道口がある。膀胱の容積は成人男子で約600cc、最大容積は800ccであり、女性は男性の6分の5とされる。膀胱内の尿が一定量(約250cc)になると、膀胱壁にある伸展受容器が刺激され、さらに副交感神経系の脊髄(せきずい)膀胱中枢が刺激されて排尿反射がおこる。この反射によって膀胱壁の筋群は収縮し、内膀胱括約筋が弛緩(しかん)され、さらに外膀胱括約筋も意志によって弛緩されて尿が尿道に導かれる。尿道は、男性では前立腺(せん)や陰茎海綿体を貫通して外尿道口に開き、女性では腟の前壁に密接して腟口の前方(腟前庭)から外尿道口に開いている。

[嶋井和世・上見幸司]

膀胱の構造
図は男性の膀胱を示す©Shogakukan">

膀胱の構造


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