Iranian Constitutional Revolution - Inqilāb-i Mashrūṭeh

Japanese: イラン立憲革命 - イランりっけんかくめい(英語表記)Inqilāb-i Mashrūṭeh
Iranian Constitutional Revolution - Inqilāb-i Mashrūṭeh
A civil revolution that took place in Iran from 1905 to 1911 to overthrow the Qajar dynasty. It was thwarted by the intervention of Imperial Russia. In the early 20th century, the Qajar dynasty could no longer suppress the demands for reform from below, and in 1905, protests by the citizens of Tehran, led by the ulama, began to set clear political goals. In June and July 1906, merchants and craftsmen protesting the oppression fled to the British embassy in search of busts, or barricaded themselves in the shrine. On August 5, the king was forced to issue a decree to convene a national assembly. The National Assembly opened on October 8, and the period up to the counter-revolution by the king on June 23, 1908, is called the first constitutional period. Many bosses of commercial and industrial associations were elected to the assembly. During this time, many constitutionalist organizations, Anjumans, were formed in cities such as Tehran and Tabriz, based on commercial and industrial associations and districts, to defend the assembly from attacks by the autocratic side. During this time, the Anglo-Russian Entente was concluded in 1907, and the two imperialist powers mutually recognized the partition of Iran. On June 23, 1908, the dynasty, backed by Russia, bombarded the parliament in an attempt to overthrow the constitutional system, and martial law was declared in Tehran. In opposition to this restoration of autocracy, the Mojahedan (military forces) rose up in arms in Tabriz, which became a base for the constitutionalists. On July 16, 1909, the Reshit Militia and the Bakhtiari tribe attacked Tehran from the north and south, restoring the constitutional system. The second parliament was divided between conservatives and reformists. In December 1911, Russian troops entered the city on the pretext of gunfire from the Mojahedan side, and interfered with the constitutional revolution. The Russian forces committed plundering, violence, and massacres in Tabriz, Reshit, and Mashhad, and the Mojahedan were disarmed.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
イランでカージャール朝専制打倒のため,1905~11年に行われた市民革命。帝政ロシアの干渉で挫折した。 20世紀初頭,カージャール朝は下からの改革の要求をもはや押えることができなくなり,05年にはテヘラン市民による抗議運動がウラマーを先頭に明確な政治目標を掲げるようになった。 06年6~7月には弾圧に抗議した商人,職人がバストを求めてイギリス公館内に避難したり,聖廟にたてこもった。8月5日,国王は余儀なく国民議会招集の勅令を発した。 10月8日国民議会が開会され,08年6月 23日の国王による反革命までの時期を第1次立憲制という。議会には商工業組合の親方が多数選出された。この間にテヘラン,タブリーズなどの都市に商工業組合別,地区別の多数の立憲派組織アンジュマンが結成されて議会を専制側の攻撃から防衛しようとした。この間 07年英露協商が結ばれ,イラン分割を帝国主義両国が相互に承認し合った。 08年6月 23日,ロシアにあと押しされて王朝側は立憲制を打倒するため議会を砲撃し,テヘランに戒厳令を布告した。この専制復活に反対してタブリーズではモジャーヘダーン (市民軍) が武装蜂起し,立憲派の拠点となった。 09年7月 16日レシト市民軍とバフティヤーリー族らが南北からテヘランを攻撃して立憲制を回復した。第2議会は保守対革新が対立した。 11年 12月ロシア軍はモジャーヘダーン側の発砲を口実に市内に侵入し,立憲革命に干渉した。ロシア軍はタブリーズ,レシト,マシュハドで略奪,暴行,虐殺を働き,ここにモジャーヘダーンは武装解除された。

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