The language of the Manchu people who founded the Qing Dynasty. It is a different language from the Han language (Chinese) of the Han people. However, the Manchu people culturally assimilated into the Han people, stopped using Manchu and started using Chinese, and today Manchu is only spoken in a very small part of the north of northeastern China. The Xibo people (population 172,900 in 1990) also once spoke Manchu in the northeastern part of China, but later began speaking Chinese. However, the descendants of some Xibo people who migrated from the northeastern part of China to Xinjiang (Xinjiang) to guard the border area during the Qing Dynasty still live in Qapqal Xibo Autonomous County in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, where they still speak Manchu and have a newspaper. Their Manchu language is called Xibo. Therefore, Manchu is not a dead language. Manchu is a dialect of Tungusic in the broad sense, and its linguistic structure is generally the same as that of other Tungusic dialects. However, there are some significant differences in phonology, grammar, and vocabulary in general. There are also many loanwords from Mongolian and Chinese. To write Manchu, the Manchu people began to use Mongolian characters invented by Emperor Taizu of the Qing Dynasty in 1599, and these are called Manchu characters without circles and dots. In 1632, Dahai improved the Manchu characters by adding circles and dots, and these are called Manchu characters with circles to distinguish them from the former. The original document of the Manwen Laodong, an early Qing Dynasty record, the Old Manchu Document, has the older parts written in circle-less braille and the newer parts written in circle-with braille. A wide variety of Manchu documents remain in the form of circular Braille, including a huge number of administrative documents from the Qing dynasty, historical works such as the Manchu Annals, which records the history of the Qing dynasty, and many translations from Chinese, such as the Four Books and Five Classics and Jin Ping Mei. Manchu books and documents were already in Japan during the Edo period. A book called Senjimonchu, which contains the Thousand Characters in Pure Written Manchu, was also introduced to Japan and was reprinted in Japan in 1715 (Shotoku 5). Some of the national letters that the Russian envoy Rezanov brought to Nagasaki in 1804 (Bunka 1) were written in Manchu. Takahashi Kageyasu and others interpreted these and wrote about the Manchu language. [Jiro Ikegami] [References] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
清(しん)国を建てた満洲族(満州族)の言語。漢民族の漢語(中国語)とは別の言語である。しかし満洲族は、文化的には漢民族に同化し、満州語を使うことをやめ、中国語を使うようになり、今日満州語は中国東北部でも北のごく小部分でしか話されなくなった。錫伯(シベ)族(人口1990年17万2900人)もかつて東北部で満州語を使っていたが、その後中国語を話すようになった。しかし、清代に国境地域の警備のため、東北部から新疆(しんきょう/シンチヤン)へ移住した一部の錫伯族の人々の子孫が新疆ウイグル自治区の察布査爾(チャプチャル)錫伯自治県などにおり、いまも満州語を話し、新聞もある。その満州語を錫伯語という。したがって満州語は、死滅してしまった言語なのではない。満州語は広義のツングース語の一方言であり、満州語の言語構造はだいたいにおいてツングース語の他方言のそれと等しい。しかし、音韻、文法、語彙(ごい)の全般に他方言と著しく異なる点もある。また、蒙古(もうこ)語、中国語から多くの借用語が入っている。満州語を書き表すのに、満洲族は1599年清の太祖の創案で蒙古字を用いることになり、これを無圏点満州字とよぶが、1632年、それに丸や点を加えて改良した満州字が達海(ダハイ)によってつくられ、前者と区別して有圏点満州字とよぶ。初期の清朝の記録である「満文老檔(ろうとう)」のさらに原文書である「旧満州檔」は、その古い部分は無圏点字で、新しい部分は有圏点字で書かれている。有圏点字による満州語文献は種々豊富に残っており、清代の膨大な量の行政書類のほか、清朝の歴史を記した『満州実録』のような史書などもあり、一方「四書五経」あるいは『金瓶梅(きんぺいばい)』など、中国語からの多くの翻訳がある。日本には、すでに江戸時代に満州語の書物や文書が入っている。満州字で書いた「清書千字文(しんしょせんじもん)」が載る『千字文註(せんじもんちゅう)』という書物も入り、わが国で1715年(正徳5)に翻刻された。ロシアの使節レザノフが1804年(文化1)長崎へ持参した国書には、満州語で記されたものもあった。それを読解した人には高橋景保(かげやす)らがいて、満州語に関する著述もなされた。 [池上二良] [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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