Gandenkoso - Gandenkoso

Japanese: 頑佃抗租 - がんでんこうそ

…On the other hand, some people were independent and made a living by subleasing their tenanted land to others to make a profit. Moreover, in the developed areas of Jiangnan, during the Southern Song Dynasty, a trend of so-called “stubbornness and resistance to rent” became stronger, with tenants refusing to pay rent to their landlords and resisting government officials who sided with the landlords. During the period of division into the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the various kingdoms that ruled Jiangnan each worked to enrich their country and strengthen their military, and made efforts to promote domestic industry, but the borders prevented free trade between the countries. …

From [Tsukudō]

…There were also disparities in criminal law, with landlords who committed crimes against landlords being punished one level more severely than ordinary people in the mid-Northern Song and two levels more severely in the early Southern Song, and the status of landlord was also considered to be the "share of the landlord and the landlord." In the Southern Song, a movement called "anti-rent" arose, centered in the Liangzhe region (southern Jiangsu and Zhejiang), and landlords united in solidarity to launch a campaign to refuse to pay rent. The Seven Teng Rebellions, which occurred in the Fujian region in the mid-15th century, were the first peasant rebellion in Chinese history to be started by landlords, and anti-rent movements spread widely throughout the Ming and Qing dynasties. …

*Some of the terminology used in reference to "Gantsuku Koso" is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…反面，独立して生計をたて，小作地を他に転貸して利をかせいだ者もいた。しかも江南の先進地帯では，南宋になると，佃戸の地主に対する小作料の不払いや，地主に味方する官憲への抵抗など，いわゆる〈頑佃抗租〉の風潮が強まった。　五代十国の分裂時代，江南に割拠した諸王国はそれぞれ富国強兵につとめて，国内産業の振興に努力したが，国境にはばまれて諸国間の自由な交易ができなかった。…

【佃戸】より

…刑法上も格差があり，佃戸の地主に対する犯罪は，北宋中期で一般人より1等重く，南宋初には2等重い刑が科され，身分的にも〈主･佃の分〉ありとされた。南宋になると，両浙地方(江蘇省南部･浙江省)を中心に頑佃抗租（がんでんこうそ）とよばれる運動が起こり，佃戸は横の連帯をもって小作料不払い運動を展開した。15世紀半ば，福建地方に起こった鄧茂七の乱は，中国史上はじめて佃戸が起こした農民反乱で，以後，明･清期を通じて抗租運動が広範にくりひろげられる。…

※「頑佃抗租」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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