Iyo Province

The old name of the province covering the entire area of ​​present-day Ehime Prefecture. It belongs to the Nankaido. The province name is said to come from "i-yu" ( pronounced "i"), meaning hot spring. The outline of Iyo in prehistoric times can be known from ruins and remains excavated in various places. Relics from the Early and Early Jomon periods have been excavated in Kamikuroiwa, Kumakogen Town, Kamiukena County, and later and final Jomon periods have been excavated in Misho Hirajo, Ainan Town, Minamiuwa County and other places throughout the prefecture. Early Yayoi pottery has been excavated near Minamimachi, Matsuyama City, and at Agata Shell Mound in Imabari City, and a middle Yayoi wooden hoe has been excavated at the Doinokubo ruins in Iwaidani, Matsuyama City. A late agricultural weir was discovered at the Kodera ruins in Matsuyama, and 67 bronze swords and bronze spears were discovered in Seiyo, Matsuyama, Saijo, and other areas. The keyhole-shaped tomb in Ainotani, Imabari, represents the early Kofun period, and later tombs are distributed throughout the country, including the Asakura Nonose Nanamazuka (circular tomb) in Imabari. According to the Kujihongi (Chronicles of Ancient Matters), in ancient times, there were five kuni no miyatsuko (provincial governors) in Iyo, Numa, Kumi, Ochi, and Kazahaya, but after the Taika Reforms (645), Iyo Province was divided into 14 districts - Uma, Nii (originally Kanno), Sufu, Kuwamura, Ochi, Noma, Kazahaya, Wake, Onsen, Kume, Ukiana, Iyo, Kita, and Uwa - with 68 townships and 191 ri under them, and a Ritsuryo system was established. The provincial capital and provincial temples are believed to be located in present-day Imabari City. As local politics became lax, Fujiwara Sumitomo, a former Iyo no Jo, based himself on Hiburi Island in Uwa County, united pirates, and started the Johei-Tengyo Rebellion (936-941). During the Genpei War, Kono Michinobu and others took the lead in supporting Minamoto no Yoritomo, achieving success in the Battle of Dannoura, and formed a local force. Even after the collapse of the Kenmu Restoration, Kutsuna Yoshinori, who based himself on the Kutsuna Islands in Kazahaya County, welcomed Prince Kanenaga, the Shogun of the Western Expedition, and swept across the western Seto Inland Sea. On the other hand, Kono Michimori and his descendants, who were trusted by Ashikaga Takauji, retained their position as shugo. Even before the Onin War (1467-77), the main Kono family and the Yoshu family were fighting, and the defection of vassals and the pressure of surrounding warlords made it difficult to maintain the territory. In 1585 (Tensho 13), Toyotomi Hideyoshi's invasion of Shikoku led to the downfall of the Kono clan, and by 1657 (Meireki 3), eight domains had been established: Saijo, Komatsu, Imabari, Matsuyama, Ozu, Niiya, Uwajima, and Yoshida. From the mid-period onwards, production of crude copper, Saijo hosho, Iyo kasuri, Ozu washi paper, and Senka paper, as well as wax and salt production, became popular. Starting with the Matsuyama Meikyokan, eight domain schools were established, and Neo-Confucianism became widespread. While haiku poetry developed in the Matsuyama domain and kokugaku (traditional Japanese learning) developed in the Ozu domain, Dutch learning flourished in the Uwajima domain, and the domain flourished as an enlightened, pro-imperial domain.

After the Meiji Restoration, the eight domains became eight prefectures, which eventually merged into two prefectures, Matsuyama and Uwajima, and then in February 1873 (Meiji 6), into Ehime Prefecture.

[Tsutomu Kageura]

"Outline of the History of Ehime Prefecture, Volume 1" (1959, Ehime Prefecture)" ▽ "The Essence of the History of Iyo, by Naotaka Kageura (1924, Iyo Historical Publications Association/Reprint, 1972, Meishu Publishing)" ▽ "Chronological History of Ehime Prefecture, Complete 10 Volumes (1975, Ehime Prefecture)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

現在の愛媛県全域にあたる旧国名。南海道に属する。国名は「い湯(ゆ)」（いは発語）すなわち温泉の意に由来するという。原始時代の伊予は、各地で発掘された遺跡・遺物によってその大要を知りうる。すなわち、上浮穴(かみうけな)郡久万高原(くまこうげん)町上黒岩(かみくろいわ)で縄文早・前期、南宇和(みなみうわ)郡愛南(あいなん)町御荘平城(みしょうひらじょう)をはじめ県下の各地で後・晩期の遺物が発掘された。松山市南町付近、今治(いまばり)市阿方(あがた)貝塚では弥生(やよい)前期の土器、松山市祝谷(いわいだに)土居窪(どいのくぼ)遺跡では中期の木鍬(きぐわ)などを出土した。松山市古照(こでら)遺跡から後期に属する農業用の井堰(いぜき)が、西予(せいよ)市、松山市、西条(さいじょう)市などから67口の銅剣、銅鉾(どうほこ)が発見された。今治市相ノ谷(あいのたに)の前方後円墳は古墳時代の前期を代表し、今治(いまばり)市朝倉野々瀬七間塚（円墳）をはじめ各地に後期のものが分布している。『旧事本紀(くじほんぎ)』によれば、古く伊余(いよ)、怒麻(ぬま)、久味(くみ)、小市(おち)、風速(かざはや)の5国造(くにのみやつこ)が置かれたというが、大化改新（645）ののち、伊予国は宇摩(うま)、新居(にい)（初め神野(かんの)）、周敷(すふ)、桑村、越智、野間(のま)、風早(かざはや)、和気(わけ)、温泉(ゆ)、久米(くめ)、浮穴(うきあな)、伊予、喜多(きた)、宇和の14郡、その下に68郷、191里が置かれ、律令(りつりょう)体制が整備した。国府、国分寺は現在の今治市内にあると推定される。地方政治の弛緩(しかん)するなかで、前伊予掾(いよのじょう)の藤原純友(すみとも)が宇和郡日振(ひぶり)島に拠(よ)って海賊を糾合し、承平(じょうへい)・天慶(てんぎょう)の乱（936～941）を起こした。源平合戦にあたり、河野通信(こうのみちのぶ)らは率先して源頼朝(よりとも)に応じ、壇ノ浦(だんのうら)の戦いに功績をあげ地方勢力を形成した。建武(けんむ)新政の崩壊後も、風早郡忽那(くつな)七島に拠った忽那義範(くつなよしのり)は、征西将軍懐良(かねなが)親王を迎え西瀬戸内海を席巻(せっけん)した。一方、足利尊氏(あしかがたかうじ)に信頼された河野通盛(みちもり)およびその子孫は、守護職を留保した。応仁(おうにん)の乱（1467～77）前から河野氏は本家と予州家が争い、家臣団の離反と周辺の群雄の重圧によって領国の維持は困難となった。1585年（天正13）豊臣(とよとみ)秀吉の四国征伐にあい河野氏は滅亡し、1657年（明暦3）までに西条(さいじょう)、小松(こまつ)、今治、松山、大洲(おおず)、新谷(にいや)、宇和島、吉田の8藩が成立した。中期以降、粗銅、西条奉書(ほうしょ)、伊予絣(がすり)、大洲半紙、仙貨紙(せんかし)の生産のほか製蝋(せいろう)、製塩が盛んとなった。松山明教館をはじめ8藩に藩校が置かれ、朱子学が普及した。松山藩に俳諧(はいかい)、大洲藩に国学が発達したのに対し、宇和島藩では蘭学(らんがく)が勃興(ぼっこう)して、開明的な勤王藩として活躍した。

　維新後、8藩は8県となり、やがて松山、宇和島の2県に、さらに1873年（明治6）2月愛媛県に統合された。

［景浦　勉］

『『愛媛県史概説　上巻』（1959・愛媛県）』▽『景浦直孝著『伊予史精義』（1924・伊予史籍刊行会／復刻版・1972・名著出版）』▽『『愛媛県編年史』全10巻（1975・愛媛県）』

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