Countermeasures - Countermeasures

Japanese: 対抗要件 - たいこうようけん
Countermeasures - Countermeasures

Legal requirements necessary to assert an already established right relationship against others. The main one is registration in the acquisition, loss, or change of real property rights (Civil Code Article 177). For example, a buyer of land can assert that he/she has become the owner to the seller or his/her heirs even without registration, but cannot assert ownership to third parties unless registration is made. In this way, the requirements for asserting a legal relationship that has come into effect between the parties to third parties are called requirements for opposition. Requirements for opposition are merely requirements for asserting a right relationship, and are different from the requirements for the creation of rights. In addition to registration in the acquisition, loss, or change of real property rights, there are the following other requirements for opposition. Examples include delivery in the transfer of movable property rights (Civil Code Article 178) and notice and consent in the transfer of named claims (Civil Code Article 467). Other examples include registration of acquisition, loss, and change of ownership and mortgage of automobiles (Road Transport Vehicle Law, Article 5, Paragraph 1; Automobile Mortgage Law, Article 5, Paragraph 1), registration of acquisition, loss, and change of ownership and mortgage of construction machinery for which ownership preservation registration has already been made (Construction Machinery Mortgage Law, Article 7, Paragraph 1), and registration of acquisition, loss, and change of mortgage of agricultural movable property (Agricultural Movable Property Credit Law, Article 13, Paragraph 1). Furthermore, acquisition, loss, and change of mortgage of agricultural movable property can be asserted against a third party who knows about it without registration (same Article, same Paragraph).

[Yasuyuki Takahashi and Masamitsu Nozawa]

[Reference item] | Registration

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

すでに成立した権利関係を他人に対して主張するために必要とされる法律要件。その主要なものは、不動産物権の得喪・変更における登記(民法177条)である。たとえば、土地の買い主は、売り主やその相続人に対しては登記がなくても自分が所有者となったことを主張できるが、第三者に対しては、登記をしなければ所有権の取得を主張できない。このように、当事者間で効力の生じた法律関係を第三者に主張するための要件を対抗要件という。対抗要件は、権利関係を主張するための要件であるにとどまり、権利発生のための要件とは異なる。このような対抗要件としては、不動産物権の得喪・変更における登記のほか、次のようなものがある。動産物権の譲渡における引渡し(同法178条)、指名債権譲渡における通知・承諾(同法467条)がその例である。そのほか、自動車の所有権および抵当権の得喪・変更における登録(道路運送車両法5条1項、自動車抵当法5条1項)、所有権保存登記がすでになされている建設機械の所有権および抵当権の得喪・変更における登記(建設機械抵当法7条1項)、農業用動産の抵当権の得喪・変更における登記(農業動産信用法13条1項)などがある。なお、農業用動産の抵当権の得喪・変更は、それを知っている第三者に対しては登記なしに主張することができる(同条同項)。

[高橋康之・野澤正充]

[参照項目] | 登記

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