Eugène Ionesco

Japanese: イヨネスコ - いよねすこ(英語表記)Eugène Ionesco
Eugène Ionesco

French avant-garde playwright. Born in Slatina, Romania, he moved to Paris with his French mother at the age of one and spent his childhood there. He returned to his home country in his youth and graduated from the University of Bucharest. He became a French teacher and began writing literary criticism, but settled in Paris in 1938. In 1950, his first play, The Bald Singer, was directed by Nicolas Bataille and performed at the Théâtre de Noctambule, making him a pioneer of the so-called anti-theatre. This work, whose content has nothing to do with the title, was inspired by Asimir's introductory book on English conversation, and is a "tragedy of language" that depicts the collapse of everyday, self-evident reality, which unfolds through simple verbal expressions, as "words become disjointed and the content becomes hollow."

His early works such as "Lessons" (1951), "The Chair" (1952), "Victim of Duty" (1953), "Amédée or How to Get Rid of a Trouble" (1954), and "Jacques or Obedience" (1955) caused strong opposition, but with the revival of "The Chair" in 1956, his works penetrated the general public. Since then, his avant-garde nature has been somewhat toned down and his works have become more allegorical and satirical, and in works such as "The Unpaid Assassin" (1959), "The Rhino" (1960), and "The Dying King" (1962), the protagonist Bélanger appears to structure the logical development of the plot and even create connections between the works. "The Rhino" in particular was performed at the Odeon National Theatre under the direction of Jean-Louis Barrault, and has also been performed around the world. In 1966, his masterpiece Thirst and Hunger was performed at the Comédie-Française, and in 1970 he was finally elected to the Academy. He subsequently wrote The Killing Game (1970), This Wonderful Brothel (1973), and more recently Journey to the Dead (1980). In addition to plays, he also wrote the short story The Colonel's Photograph (1962) and a collection of essays, Notes, Anti-Notes (1958).

[Tetsuo Toshimitsu]

"The Complete Works of Ionesco, translated by Teruomi Okubo et al., 4 volumes (1969, Hakusuisha)"

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

フランスの前衛劇作家。ルーマニアのスラティーナに生まれ、フランス人の母とともに1歳でパリに出て幼年期をフランスで過ごし、青年期は母国へ戻ってブカレスト大学を卒業。フランス語の教師となり、文芸評論を書き始めるが、1938年からパリに定住。50年、処女戯曲『禿(はげ)の女歌手』がニコラ・バタイユ演出によってノクタンビュール座で上演されたことで、いわゆるアンチ・テアトル(反演劇)の先駆となった。題名とはなんの関係もない内容をもつこの作品は、アシミルの英会話入門書から発想され、単純なことばの表現によって繰り広げられる日常的な自明の現実が、「ことばの関節が外れ、内容が空洞化する」ことによって崩壊してゆくようすを描いた「言語の悲劇」なのである。

 初期の作品『授業』(1951初演)、『椅子(いす)』(1952)、『義務の犠牲者』(1953)、『アメデまたはいかに厄介払いするか?』(1954)、『ジャックまたは服従』(1955)などは激しい反発を巻き起こしたが、1956年『椅子』の再演によって、彼の作品は一般大衆に浸透した。それ以来やや前衛性は緩和されて寓話(ぐうわ)性や風刺性が増し、『無給の殺し屋』(1959)、『犀(さい)』(1960)、『瀕死(ひんし)の王』(1962)など、主人公ベランジェが登場して筋の論理的発展を構成し、作品相互のつながりさえつくりだすようになる。とくに『犀』は国立劇場オデオン座でジャン・ルイ・バロー演出により上演されたほか、世界各地で上演された。66年コメディ・フランセーズにおいて大作『渇きと飢え』が上演され、70年にはついにアカデミー会員に選ばれる。その後『殺戮(さつりく)ゲーム』(1970)、『このすばらしい娼家(しょうか)』(1973)などを書き、近作に『死者たちへの旅』(1980)。戯曲以外には、短編小説『大佐の写真』(1962)、評論集『ノート・反ノート』(1958)などがある。

[利光哲夫]

『大久保輝臣他訳『イヨネスコ戯曲全集』全4巻(1969・白水社)』

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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