Russian revolutionary. Leader of anarchism and populism. Born into a wealthy landowning aristocrat in Tver (now Kalinin Oblast). After graduating from the artillery academy, he served as a lieutenant for a time, but left the army due to his interest in philosophy. He lived in Moscow and joined Stankevich's circle, and studied German idealist philosophy, especially that of Fichte and Hegel, with Belinsky and Herzen. In 1842, he studied at the University of Berlin, where he quickly became close to the Hegelian left wing, and published a paper under a pseudonym, "Reaction in Germany," calling for revolutionary destruction for the sake of true creation. He participated in the revolution of 1848-1849 and became one of the leaders of the Dresden Uprising, but was arrested by Saxon authorities and handed over to the Russian government, where he was imprisoned and then exiled to Siberia. However, he escaped in 1861 and travelled to Japan, America and London, where he supported the Polish people's uprising against Russian tyranny with his old friends Herzen and Ogarov, and called on the young people of Russia to join the revolution. In 1868, he joined the Geneva branch of the International Workingmen's Association (First International), founded by Marx, but came into conflict with Marx and was expelled at the Hague Congress in 1872. However, he criticised Marx's ideas as centralised top-down socialism, and instead advocated federation and anarchy based on free will from below. Bakunin's ideas had a great influence on socialist and anarchist revolutionaries in Italy, Switzerland and Spain. He later participated in the Lyon Uprising in 1870 and the Bologna Uprising in 1874, before dying of an illness in Bern, Switzerland on July 1, 1876. His major works include "The Whip of the German Empire and the Social Revolution" (written in 1871) and "State Institutions and Anarchy" (written in 1873). [Tsuguo Togawa October 20, 2015] "The Collected Works of Bakunin, edited by Tsuguo Tonokawa and Tsuyoshi Sakon, 6 volumes (1973-1974, Hakusuisha)" ▽ "Newly republished version of "State Institutions and Anarchy," translated by Tsuyoshi Sakon (1999, Hakusuisha) " ▽ "Bakunin, volumes 1 and 2, by E. H. Carr and translated by Masamichi Osawa (1965/newly reprinted version, 1970, Gendai Shichosha/on-demand version, 2013, Gendai Shicho Shinsha)" ▽ "Bakunin: A Life of a Young Man, volumes 1 and 2, by Pirumova and translated by Tsutomu Sano (1973, Sanichi Shobo)" [References] | | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ロシアの革命家。無政府主義と人民主義の指導者。トベリ県(現、カリーニン州)の富裕な地主貴族の家に生まれる。砲兵士官学校を卒業後、一時少尉補として勤務したが、哲学にひかれて退役。モスクワに住んでスタンケービチのサークルに入り、ベリンスキー、ゲルツェンらと交わって、ドイツ観念論哲学、とくにフィヒテとヘーゲルの哲学を学んだ。1842年ベルリン大学に留学、急速にヘーゲル左派に近づき、変名で論文「ドイツにおける反動」を発表し、真の創造のための革命的破壊を呼びかけた。1848~1849年の革命に参加し、ドレスデンの蜂起(ほうき)の指導者の一人となったが、ザクセンの官憲に逮捕されてロシア政府に引き渡され、禁錮(きんこ)刑ののちシベリア流刑となった。しかし1861年に脱出し、日本、アメリカを経てロンドンへ渡り、ここで旧友のゲルツェンやオガリョフとともに、ロシアの専制に抗して立ち上がったポーランド人民の反乱を支持し、ロシア国内の青年に革命を呼びかけた。1868年にはマルクスの創始した国際労働者協会(第一インターナショナル)のジュネーブ支部に加入したが、マルクスと対立し、1872年のハーグ大会で除名された。しかし、マルクスの考えを中央集権的な上からの社会主義として批判し、これに対して下からの自由意志に基づく連合と無政府を唱導した。このようなバクーニンの考えは、イタリア、スイス、スペインの社会主義とアナキズムの革命家に大きな影響を与えた。その後1870年のリヨンの蜂起、1874年のボローニャの蜂起に参加したあと、1876年7月1日スイスのベルンで病死した。主著に『鞭(むち)のゲルマン帝国と社会革命』(1871年執筆)や『国家制度とアナーキー』(1873年執筆)がある。 [外川継男 2015年10月20日] 『外川継男・左近毅編『バクーニン著作集』全6巻(1973~1974・白水社)』▽『左近毅訳『国家制度とアナーキー』新装復刊(1999・白水社)』▽『E・H・カー著、大沢正道訳『バクーニン』上下(1965/新装版・1970・現代思潮社/オンデマンド版・2013・現代思潮新社)』▽『ピルーモヴァ著、佐野努訳『バクーニン伝』上下(1973・三一書房)』 [参照項目] | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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