Along with Jaspers, he is a leading German existential philosopher. [Yoshiaki Utsunomiya March 19, 2015] LifeBorn on September 26th in Messkirch, southern Germany. Entered the University of Freiburg in 1909, initially studying theology, but switched to philosophy two years later, studying under Rickert and others, and published his doctoral thesis "Theory of Judgment in Psychologism" in 1914 and his professorial qualification thesis "Theory of Categories and Semantics in Duns Scotus" in 1916. During this time he had already been studying Husserl's phenomenology earnestly through his writings, and when Husserl came to Freiburg as a professor in 1916, the two formed a close teacher-student relationship. In 1923, he became a professor at the University of Marburg, published his major work, Being and Time, in 1927, and in 1928 returned to the University of Freiburg to succeed Husserl, who had retired. In 1931, he published Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics, which overturned the conventional interpretation of Kant, and the short but richly-contented pamphlets, What is Metaphysics? and On the Essence of Ground. In 1933, he was recommended to become the president of the University of Freiburg, but around this time he joined the Nazi party and gave an inaugural speech with strong totalitarian overtones. However, he clashed with the Nazis within a year and resigned as president. Thereafter, he devoted himself to research, and apart from his essay on Hölderlin, he published almost no results for the public until the end of World War II in 1945. After the war, he was expelled from his teaching position for collaborating with the Nazis, but was reinstated in 1951, and continued to be an active thinker until his death on May 26, 1976, publishing a series of works that included results from before and during the war, sparking what could be called a second Heidegger boom in the postwar German intellectual world. His main works published after the war include On Humanism (1947), The Forest Path (1950), An Interpretation of Hölderlin's Poetry (revised second edition, 1951), An Introduction to Metaphysics (1953), Lectures (1954), Identity and Difference (1957), and Nietzsche, complete in two volumes (1961). [Yoshiaki Utsunomiya March 19, 2015] Ideas and influencesHeidegger first attracted attention in the prewar German philosophical world with Being and Time, which was the first half of the entire project he was putting together at the time, and was published as Part 1 in the Annals of Phenomenology edited by Husserl. According to Heidegger, philosophy has always been nothing but ontology, which asks what "being" is, but in Part 1, the existence (existence) of human beings (Dasein), the only being who understands existence, is taken as the subject of phenomenological and existential analysis, and the meaning of "interest", which is the fundamental existential determination of Dasein, is determined as "temporality". Part 1 ends here, and from there he returns to the relationship between "being" and "time", which is the original subject of Being and Time, and intends to clarify the meaning of existence from time using the temporality of Dasein as a clue, as well as to investigate the origin of the historical and traditional concept of existence on the horizon of time, but the second half of this work remained unpublished. In other words, he was considered a representative of existential thought because of his existential analysis of Dasein, in which existential problems such as anxiety, nothingness, death, conscience, determination, and decadence, which Kierkegaard had already dealt with, were discussed in a very systematic and comprehensive manner. His presentation of the meaning of Dasein as temporality, the unity of the three phases of past, present, and future, was a reinterpretation from an existential perspective of the idea that humans are temporal and historical beings, which had existed since the "Philosophy of Life." Incidentally, his method of analyzing Dasein has influenced everything from psychoanalysis to literary theory and even theology. Around 1935, Heidegger's thinking turned to directly questioning existence itself. Being is not an entity on the same level as individual beings, but a unique time-space that allows beings to exist as their own entities, and humans are "open" (Ek-sistenz) as those who stand out from it. According to Heidegger, Western philosophy has been a "metaphysics" that has perceived being as being, not as being, since ancient times, and from there his unique view of history of being was born. The human-centered position of "closedness," which technically processes beings as human objects, originates from this metaphysics, that is, from the "forgetting of being." What is necessary in the modern age is to overcome the forgetting of being by knowing the historical origins of metaphysics, and to listen to and protect the being itself that governs history. There are various arguments as to whether Heidegger's later thoughts on existence are continuous with the elucidation of existence itself, which was the goal of Being and Time, but it is certain that his view of the essential nature of human beings changed from tragic and heroic existence to resigned openness, and in that sense, the later Heidegger cannot be considered an existentialist on the same level as Sartre and others. It should be added that Heidegger himself consistently refused to be called an existential philosopher or an existentialist throughout his early and later works. [Yoshiaki Utsunomiya March 19, 2015] "The Selected Works of Heidegger, translated by Yoshiaki Utsunomiya et al., 33 volumes (1952-1983, Risosha)" " The Complete Works of Heidegger, edited by Koichi Tsujimura et al., 102 volumes (1985-, Sobunsha)" [References] | | | | | [Chronology] | [Supplementary material] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ヤスパースと並んでドイツの実存哲学を代表する哲学者。 [宇都宮芳明 2015年3月19日] 生涯9月26日南ドイツのメスキルヒに生まれる。1909年フライブルク大学に入学、初めは神学を学んだが2年後に哲学に転じてリッケルトなどに学び、1914年に学位論文『心理主義における判断論』を、1916年に教授資格論文『ドゥンス・スコトゥスのカテゴリー論と意義論』を発表する。この間すでに著書を通じてフッサールの現象学を熱心に学んでいたが、そのフッサールが1916年にフライブルクの教授として来任、二人の間に親密な師弟関係が結ばれる。 1923年マールブルク大学教授となり、1927年に主著『存在と時間』を公刊、1928年には定年で退いたフッサールの後を継いでフライブルク大学に戻った。1931年には従来のカント解釈をくつがえす『カントと形而上(けいじじょう)学の問題』や、小冊子ながらも豊富な内容をもつ『形而上学とは何か』『根拠の本質について』を刊行、1933年には推されてフライブルク大学総長となったが、このころナチスに入党、全体主義的色彩の濃い就任演説を行う。しかし1年足らずでナチスと衝突して総長を辞任、以後研究生活に没頭、ヘルダーリンに関する論稿以外はほとんど成果を世に問うこともなく、1945年、第二次世界大戦の終結を迎えた。 戦後はナチス協力の理由で教職から追放されたが、1951年復職、1976年5日26日の死を迎えるまでなお旺盛(おうせい)な思索活動を続け、戦前や戦中の成果をも含めた著作を次々に発表し、戦後のドイツ思想界に第二次ハイデッガー・ブームとでもいうべきものを引き起こした。戦後刊行されたおもな著作に、『ヒューマニズムについて』(1947)、『森の道』(1950)、『ヘルダーリンの詩の解明』(増補第2版・1951)、『形而上学入門』(1953)、『講演論文集』(1954)、『同一性と差異』(1957)、『ニーチェ』全2巻(1961)などがある。 [宇都宮芳明 2015年3月19日] 思想と影響ハイデッガーが戦前のドイツ哲学界で注目の的となったのは『存在と時間』によるが、これは当時彼がまとめつつあった全構想の前半部にあたり、フッサール編集の現象学に関する研究年報に第1部として発表された。彼によると、哲学は昔から「存在」とは何かを問う存在論にほかならないが、この第1部では存在を理解する唯一の存在者である人間(現存在)の存在(実存)が現象学的、実存論的分析の主題とされ、現存在の根本的な存在規定である「関心」の意味が「時間性」として確定される。第1部はここで終わり、彼はそこから『存在と時間』の本来の主題である「存在」と「時間」の関係に戻り、現存在の時間性を手掛りとして存在の意味を時間から明らかにするとともに、歴史的、伝統的な存在概念の由来を同じく時間の地平で究明する予定であったが、この後半部は未発表に終わった。 つまり、彼が実存思想の代表者とみなされたのは、この現存在の実存論的分析の部分によるので、そこでは不安、無、死、良心、決意、頽落(たいらく)といった、すでにキルケゴールによっても扱われた実存にかかわる諸問題がきわめて組織的、包括的に論じられている。現存在の存在意味が過去、現在、未来の三相の統一である時間性として示されたことも、人間が時間的、歴史的存在であるという「生の哲学」以来の考えを実存の視点からとらえ直したものであった。ちなみに、彼の現存在分析の手法は、精神分析から文芸論、さらには神学にまで影響を与えている。 1935年前後を境として、ハイデッガーの思索は、存在そのものを直接問う方向に向かう。存在は、個々の存在者と同列の一存在者ではなく、存在者をそれぞれの存在者として存在させる特異な時間=空間であり、人間はそこに立ちいでるものとして「開存」Ek-sistenzである。西洋の哲学は、ハイデッガーによると、古代から存在を存在としてではなく、存在者としてとらえる「形而上学」であって、そこから彼の、これまた特異な史観といえる存在史観が生まれる。存在者を人間の客体として技術的に処理する人間中心的な「閉存」の立場は、この形而上学に、つまり「存在の忘却」に由来する。現代に必要な一事は、形而上学の歴史的由来を知ることによって存在忘却を克服し、歴史を支配する存在そのものに聴従しながら、それを守蔵することである。 ハイデッガーのこうした後期の存在の思索が、『存在と時間』の目標であった存在そのものの解明と連続しているか否かについては、いろいろ議論があるが、しかし人間の本来的なあり方についての見方が、悲劇的、英雄的実存から諦観(ていかん)的開存へと変化していることは確かで、そうした意味では後期のハイデッガーをサルトルなどと同列の実存主義者とみることはできない。なおハイデッガー自身は、前期・後期を通じて一貫して実存哲学者とか実存主義者とよばれるのを拒否していることも、付け加えておこう。 [宇都宮芳明 2015年3月19日] 『宇都宮芳明他訳『ハイデッガー選集』全33巻(1952~1983・理想社)』▽『辻村公一他編『ハイデッガー全集』全102巻(1985~ ・創文社)』 [参照項目] | | | | | [年表] | [補完資料] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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