Jury - baishin (English spelling) jury

Japanese: 陪審 - ばいしん(英語表記)jury
Jury - baishin (English spelling) jury
A system that allows ordinary citizens to participate in trials. It developed in the UK and the USA. There are grand juries, which decide whether to indict, and petit juries, which decide factual issues in civil and criminal trials. The US Constitution guarantees both. Germany and other countries have a lay jury system in which a judicial body is made up of a mixture of lay and professional judges. Japan also enacted the Jury Act in 1928, but it was not used much and was suspended in 1943. The Japanese Constitution does not provide for a jury system, but the Prosecutorial Review Board system is said to have been modeled after the grand jury, and in 2009, the lay judge system, a system of judicial participation, was introduced.
Jury trials in Anglo-American law are said to have originated from the Frankish inquisition, but in England they began to be used in the King's Court from around the 13th century. Juries are divided into criminal and civil juries, and criminal juries include grand juries (indictment juries) usually consisting of 12 to 23 jurors, and petit juries (trial juries) usually consisting of 12 jurors. The latter is what is usually called the jury system. Grand juries were held in secret and decided whether or not to indict, but because they were expensive, they were abolished by the 1933 Judiciary Act and the 1948 Criminal Judiciary Act. In a jury trial, the jury determines the facts and the judge deals with legal issues, but the jury's verdict in this case previously had to be unanimous. However, the Criminal Justice Act of 1967 required a consensus of 10 jurors for criminal cases, and the Courts of Justice Act of 1971 established a similar provision for civil cases. The jury system has had a huge impact on English law. In substantive law, the law was made common sense so that lay jurors could understand it. In evidence law, strict rules on the acceptance and rejection of evidence were developed to prevent lay jurors from making erroneous decisions (→ hearsay evidence). In procedural law, the concentrated trial method, in which the trial from the trial to the verdict is conducted continuously and intensively in a short period of time to prevent the 12 jurors from being influenced by outside factors, and the principle of orality, in which the trial is conducted mainly through oral argument and alternating questioning of witnesses so that lay people can understand it, were developed.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
一般民衆を裁判に参加させる制度。イギリス,アメリカ合衆国において発達した。陪審には,起訴するか否かを決定する大陪審と民事,刑事の審判において事実問題について決定する小陪審とがある。アメリカ合衆国憲法は両者について保障している。ドイツなどではしろうと裁判官と職業裁判官の混成で一つの裁判体を構成する参審制がとられている。日本でも 1928年に陪審法が施行されたが,あまり活用されず 1943年に停止された。日本国憲法には陪審制度についての定めはないが,検察審査会の制度は,大陪審にならってつくられたものといわれ,2009年には司法参加制度の裁判員制度が開始された。
英米法における陪審裁判は,フランク王国の糾問方法 inquisitionにその起源があるといわれているが,イギリスでは 13世紀頃から国王裁判所で利用されるようになった。陪審は,刑事陪審と民事陪審に分けられ,刑事陪審には通常 12人以上 23人以下の陪審員からなる大陪審(起訴陪審)と,通常 12人からなる小陪審(審理陪審)とがあった。普通に陪審制度といわれるのは後者である。大陪審は,非公開で,起訴が相当かどうかを決定するものであったが,費用がかかるので,1933年の裁判法と 1948年の刑事裁判法で廃止された。陪審裁判では,陪審が事実の認定を行ない,裁判官が法律問題を扱うが,その際の陪審の評決は,かつては全員一致でなければならなかった。ところが,刑事陪審については 1967年刑事裁判法で 10人の一致でよいとされ,民事陪審についても 1971年の裁判所法で同様な規定が設けられた。陪審制度がイギリス法に与えた影響は,きわめて大きい。すなわち実体法では,しろうとである陪審員が法を理解することができるように,法の常識化がはかられた。また,証拠法では,しろうとである陪審の判断の誤りを防止するために証拠の採否について厳格な証拠法則が発展した(→伝聞証拠)。さらに,訴訟法では 12人の陪審員が外部からの影響を受けないようにするために,公判から評決までの審理を継続的,集中的に短時間で行なう集中審理方式や,しろうとが理解できるように公判を口頭弁論と証人の交互尋問を中心に進める口頭主義の原則が発展した。

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