Liu Yong-fu

A hero of the anti-foreign movement in the late Qing Dynasty in China. He is said to have been from the Hakka tribe of Qinzhou (Qin County, Guangdong Province) and belonged to the Tiandihui sect. After the fall of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, he invaded Vietnam with Nguyen Nguyen and submitted to the Nguyen Dynasty. In 1867, he organized the Black Flag Army and took control of the upper reaches of the Red River (Song Khoi River), forming a powerful semi-independent country through trade with Vietnam and Yunnan. When the French soldier Garnier occupied Hanoi in 1873, he attacked and defeated him with the Vietnamese army, and in 1883 he defeated Rivière, who was occupying Hanoi. During the Sino-French War, he fought well as the Minister of Economy of Tonkin (northern Vietnam) under Tang Jingsu, who was sent by the Qing dynasty, but returned to China under the Treaty of Tianjin in 1885 and became the commander of the Canton Nan'ao Township. During the Sino-Japanese War, he went to Taiwan, and after the Treaty of Shimonoseki, he continued the anti-Japanese war as the President of the Republic of Taiwan, but was defeated in 1896 and returned to his home country. After that, he often held important positions as a hero of the anti-foreign movement.

[Yoshio Sakurai]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

中国、清(しん)末の排外運動の英雄。欽州(きんしゅう)（広東(カントン)省欽県）客家(はっか)出身といわれ、天地会系に属し、太平天国滅亡後、呉鯤(ごこん)とともにベトナムに進入、阮(げん)朝に帰順した。1867年、黒旗軍を編成し紅河（ソンコイ川）上流部を支配し、ベトナム・雲南交易により強力な半独立国を形成した。1873年フランス軍人ガルニエがハノイを占領するや、ベトナム軍とともにこれを攻撃敗退させ、さらに1883年ハノイ占領中のリビエールを倒した。清仏戦争に際しては、越南東京(トンキン)（ベトナム北部）経略大臣として清朝派遣の唐景菘(とうけいすう)に従って善戦したが、1885年天津(てんしん)条約により中国に戻り、広東南澳鎮(カントンなんおうちん)総兵となった。日清戦争とともに台湾に渡り、下関条約後も台湾民国総統として抗日戦を続行したが、1896年敗れて帰国した。以後排外運動の英雄として、しばしば要職についた。

［桜井由躬雄］

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