What is the disease? The word polyp comes from the Greek word polupous, meaning "many legs." In clinical practice, it is used as a macroscopic name to refer to benign elevated lesions. The Japanese Society of Gastroenterology defines gastric polyps as " Adenomatous polyps are considered to be benign or malignant borderline lesions. Hyperplastic polyps are somewhat more common in women, and their size and shape range from small, localized reddened bumps to Fundic gland polyps are small, normal-colored lesions the size of a grain of rice. What is the cause?① Adenomatous polyps Resistant to background mucosa ②Hyperplastic polyps It is thought to be caused by compensatory hyperplasia of the epithelium for the loss of the mucosa caused by erosion. Because infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori is common, it is thought that atrophy of the gastric mucosa and intestinal metaplasia are the gastric mucosa environments in which these polyps tend to develop. ③ Fundus gland polyps There is no atrophy in the background mucosa, and acid secretion is active. The involvement of Helicobacter pylori is ruled out. The involvement of female hormones and gastrin (a type of digestive hormone) has also been pointed out, but the exact cause is unknown. How symptoms manifestThere are no specific symptoms for either type of gastric polyp. Most are asymptomatic and are discovered accidentally during X-ray or endoscopic examinations. Large hyperplastic polyps can rarely cause gastrointestinal bleeding. Since fundic gland polyps often occur in the gastric mucosa where there is little atrophy and where gastric acid is actively secreted, patients may experience symptoms of hyperacidity (upper abdominal pain, heartburn, hiccups). Testing and diagnosisIn principle, diagnosis is made by performing a biopsy, in which a sample of tissue is taken and examined via endoscopic examination, but it is also possible to some extent to diagnose the condition from the macroscopic appearance. Treatment methods① Adenomatous polyps As adenomas become cancerous, the background gastric mucosa is also the environment in which differentiated adenocarcinoma develops, so it is necessary to always keep in mind the possibility of cancer developing in a distant location. Regular follow-up is performed once a year, and if there is a tendency for the tumor to grow during follow-up (2 cm or more) or if the macroscopic appearance suggests the possibility of cancer developing, it is often removed using an endoscope for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Even if they grow large and become cancerous, most cases are intramucosal cancer, so the prognosis for life is good regardless of their size. ②Hyperplastic polyps Small lesions do not require treatment. Changes in size and shape are not uncommon, and they may disappear naturally. Recently, there have been reports of lesions disappearing after eradicating Helicobacter pylori. Examples of tumors that are candidates for resection include those that are suspected to be cancerous when seen with the naked eye, those that are bleeding, those that have fallen into the duodenum, etc. Even if they become cancerous, most of them are intramucosal cancers, so the prognosis for life is good. ③ Fundus gland polyps Although you may need to take an acid-suppressing medication to treat the symptoms of hyperacidity, the polyps themselves do not require treatment. What to do if you notice an illnessAdenomatous polyps and hyperplastic polyps larger than 1 cm should be monitored regularly. If they grow larger during monitoring, consult with your doctor and consider endoscopic removal. Regardless of the type of polyp, if it is small there is no problem if you leave it alone. Tsutomu Chiba, Toshiyuki Ito Source: Houken “Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia” Information about the Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia |
どんな病気か ポリープの語源は、ギリシア語のpolupous(“多くの足”の意)に由来します。臨床の現場では、基本的に良性の隆起性病変を指す肉眼的な名称として使われています。日本消化器病学会は胃ポリープを、「 腺腫性ポリープは良悪性境界病変に相当し、一般には 過形成性ポリープはやや女性に多く、大きさや形態は限局性の発赤した小隆起から、 胃底腺ポリープは、米粒大の正色調の小さな 原因は何か①腺腫性ポリープ 背景粘膜に強い ②過形成性ポリープ びらんによって起こる粘膜の欠損に対する上皮の代償的過形成に起因すると考えられています。ヘリコバクター・ピロリという細菌の感染が多いことから、胃粘膜の萎縮と腸上皮化生粘膜が本ポリープの好発する胃粘膜環境であるとも考えられています。 ③胃底腺ポリープ 背景粘膜には萎縮がなく、酸の分泌が盛んです。ヘリコバクター・ピロリの関与は否定的です。女性ホルモンやガストリン(消化管ホルモンの一種)の関与も指摘されていますが、はっきりした原因は不明です。 症状の現れ方いずれの胃ポリープにも、特有の自覚症状はありません。多くは無症状で、X線や内視鏡の検査で偶然に発見されます。大きくなった過形成性ポリープは、まれに消化管出血の原因になります。 胃底腺ポリープは、萎縮の少ない胃酸分泌が盛んな胃粘膜に多く発生することから、過酸症状(上腹部痛、胸やけ、しゃっくり)を自覚することがあります。 検査と診断診断は、内視鏡検査によって組織の一部を採取して調べる生検を行うことが原則ですが、肉眼的な形態からもある程度は可能です。 治療の方法①腺腫性ポリープ 腺腫のがん化と同時に、背景となる胃粘膜が分化型腺がんの発生環境と共通するため、離れた部位のがんの合併を常に念頭においておく必要があります。1年に1回は定期的な経過観察を行い、経過観察中に増大傾向を示すもの(2㎝以上)や、肉眼的形態からがんの合併が疑われる場合は、診断的治療目的で内視鏡を用いて切除することが多くなっています。 大きくなってがん化しても、ほとんどが粘膜内がんであるため、大きさにかかわらず生命の予後は良好です。 ②過形成性ポリープ 小さなものは治療の必要はありません。大きさや形態の変化はまれではなく、時に自然に消えてなくなる例もみられます。また最近ではヘリコバクター・ピロリの除菌によって消失する例が報告されています。 切除の対象になる例としては、肉眼で見てがんの合併が疑われるもの、出血性のもの、十二指腸へ落ちこむものなどがあげられます。がん化した場合でもほとんどが粘膜内がんであるため、生命の予後は良好です。 ③胃底腺ポリープ 過酸症状に対して酸分泌抑制薬の処方が必要になることがありますが、ポリープそのものに対しての治療は必要ありません。 病気に気づいたらどうする1㎝を超える腺腫性ポリープ、過形成性ポリープは定期的な経過観察が望まれます。経過観察中に大きくなってくるようなら、医師と相談のうえ、内視鏡を用いた切除を考慮してください。いずれのポリープでも、小さなものならば放置してもまず問題はありません。 千葉 勉, 伊藤 俊之 出典 法研「六訂版 家庭医学大全科」六訂版 家庭医学大全科について 情報 |
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