Western Roman Empire

Japanese: 西ローマ帝国 - にしろーまていこく(英語表記)Western Roman Empire
Western Roman Empire

The term used to refer to the western half of the Roman Empire from 395 to 476. In 395, Theodosius I (reigned 379-395) died, leaving the eastern part of the empire to his eldest son Arcadius (reigned 395-408) and the western part to his second son Honorius (reigned 395-423). The division of the empire had been the norm since the tetrarch system of Diocletian (reigned 284-305), and although the empire was not "split" into eastern and western parts in 395 according to national law, in reality the eastern and western parts of the empire followed separate paths from then on.

The Western Roman Empire was subject to successive invasions by Germanic tribes. In 401, the Visigoths under Alaric invaded northern Italy. Meanwhile, between 406 and 407, the Vandals, Alamanni, and Suebi swept through Gaul and entered Spain. In 412, the Visigoths also invaded Gaul, but the Vandals, who had crossed into Africa in 429 under the rule of Valentinian III (reigned 425-455), occupied Carthage in 439. Britain also fell to the Picts, Scots, and Saxons. In 451, the Huns under Attila invaded Gaul, but General Aetius repelled them at the Battle of Catalaun. When the Theodosian dynasty came to an end in 455, the Western Roman throne was successively occupied by puppet emperors of Germanic warlords and emperors sent by the Eastern Roman emperors. In 476, Odoacer dethroned the infant emperor Romulus Augustulus (reigned 475-476) and returned the imperial crown to the Eastern Roman emperor. This event is generally considered the "fall" of the Western Roman Empire, but before the rapid rise in power of Germanic tribes, the western government at this time only controlled parts of Italy, Raetia, and Noricum.

While the Eastern Roman Empire continued to exist until 1453, the Western Roman Empire collapsed, primarily due to the economic power of the two countries. The Eastern Empire was superior to the Western Empire in terms of population and economic power, and about two-thirds of the imperial revenue came from the Eastern Empire. In the 4th century, the Western Empire recovered a certain degree of prosperity, but its wealth was concentrated in the hands of a small number of prestigious aristocrats, who almost monopolized high-ranking positions and enslaved small and medium-sized peasants, and their territories became more independent. In addition to this situation, the direct control of the Western government was being eaten up by Germanic tribes, which meant a rapid depletion of tax revenue. In terms of military power, the Eastern Empire was also superior in numbers, for example, the Western Roman army had just under 250,000 troops around 425, while the Eastern Roman army had about 350,000 troops at the same time. In addition, the Eastern government tried to maintain and improve the national army, but the Western Roman army, coupled with its worsening financial situation, rapidly weakened and became more dependent on the Germanic allied tribes. In the Battle of Catalaun, only a small number of Western Roman regular troops participated. The East-West divide was also evident in culture, and in the 4th century, the number of intellectuals in the West who did not understand Greek increased, and even within the Christian church, bishops in the West maintained a stricter attitude than those in the East regarding the relationship between the imperial power and the church.

After the political entity known as the Western Roman Empire disappeared, all that remained were the Catholic Church, the Roman aristocracy that had survived within their independent territories and their subordinate peasants, and the Germanic kingdoms, which went on to form a Western world distinct from the East. The self-assertion of the Western world over the East, which had long maintained superiority, was linked to the "Roman ideal," leading to the restoration of the Western Roman Empire with the coronation of Charlemagne, king of the Franks (800).

[Atsuko Goto]

"Eternal Rome" by Tatsuya Yuge (included in "World History 3", 1976, Kodansha)""The Late Roman Empire" by Jean-Remy Palanque, translated by Hiroshi Kuno (Hakusuisha, Que sais-je Bunko)

[References] | Roman History | Roman Ideas

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

395年から476年までのローマ帝国西半部をさす呼称。395年テオドシウス1世(在位379~395)は死に際し帝国東部を長子アルカディウス(在位395~408)に、西部を次子ホノリウス(在位395~423)に残した。帝国の分治はディオクレティアヌス(在位284~305)の四分統治制以後はむしろ常態で、国法的には395年に帝国が東西に「分裂」したわけではないが、現実には以後帝国東部と西部は別個の道をたどる。

 西ローマ帝国では、ゲルマン系諸族の侵入が相次いだ。401年アラリック麾下(きか)の西ゴート人が北イタリアに侵入。一方、406~407年にはバンダル人、アラマン人、スエビ人がガリアを席捲(せっけん)してスペインに入った。412年西ゴートもガリアに侵入したが、ウァレンティニアヌス3世(在位425~455)治下の429年アフリカに渡ったバンダルは、439年にはカルタゴを占領した。ブリタニアもピクト人、スコット人、サクソン人らの手に落ちた。451年、アッティラ麾下のフン人がガリアに攻め入ったが、将軍アエティウスはカタラウヌムの戦いでこれを撃退した。455年にテオドシウス朝が断絶すると、西ローマ帝位には、ゲルマン人武将の傀儡(かいらい)帝や、東ローマ帝が送り込む皇帝が相次いだ。476年、オドアケルが幼帝ロムルス・アウグストゥルス(在位475~476)を廃位して帝冠を東ローマ帝に返還した。この事件が一般に西ローマ帝国の「滅亡」とされるが、ゲルマン系諸族の勢力急伸の前に、この時点で西部の政府が支配していたのはわずかにイタリア、ラエティア、ノリクムの一部にすぎなかった。

 東ローマ帝国が1453年まで存続するのに対し、西ローマ帝国が消滅した背景としては、まず東西の経済力の問題がある。帝国東部は人口、経済力の点で西部に勝り、帝国歳入の約3分の2は東部からあがっていた。4世紀の西部はある程度の繁栄を回復するが、その富は少数の名門貴族の手に集中、これら大土地所有貴族が高官位をほぼ独占し、中小農民を隷属化して、その所領は自立性を強めていく。かかる状況に加えて、西部政府の直接支配領がゲルマン系諸族によって蚕食されていったことは、税収の急速な枯渇を意味した。軍事力についても、たとえば425年ごろの西ローマ軍の兵力が25万弱であるのに対し、同時期の東ローマの兵力は約35万であったように、東部は数的にも勝っていた。これに加え、東部政府は国民軍の維持とその向上に努めたが、西ローマ軍は財政状態の悪化とも相まって急速に弱体化し、ゲルマン同盟部族への依存度を強めた。カタラウヌムの戦いにおいても、参加した西ローマの正規軍は少数にすぎなかった。東西の分化は文化面にも認められ、4世紀には西部の知識人でギリシア語を解さない者が増え、キリスト教会内でも、西部の司教たちは帝権と教会との関係について東部より厳格な態度を保持した。

 西ローマ帝国という政治的統一体が消滅したあとには、カトリック教会、自立的大所領内で延命したローマ貴族層およびその隷属的農民、そしてゲルマン諸王国が残り、以降東方とは異なる西欧世界を形成していく。長く優位を保っていた東方に対するその西欧世界の自己主張が、「ローマ理念」と結び付いて、フランク王カール大帝の戴冠(たいかん)(800)による西ローマ帝国の復興へとつながるのである。

[後藤篤子]

『弓削達著『永遠のローマ』(『世界の歴史3』所収・1976・講談社)』『ジャン・レミ・パランク著、久野浩訳『末期ローマ帝国』(白水社・文庫クセジュ)』

[参照項目] | ローマ史 | ローマ理念

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