Incurable disease - Nanbyo

Japanese: 難病 - なんびょう
Incurable disease - Nanbyo

It is a general term for intractable diseases of unknown cause. According to the Guidelines for Measures against Intractable Diseases published by the Ministry of Health and Welfare (currently the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare) in October 1972, intractable diseases are defined from both (1) a medical standpoint and (2) a social standpoint as follows: (1) diseases with unknown causes, no established treatment, and which are likely to leave behind aftereffects (such as Behçet's disease, myasthenia gravis, aplastic anemia, and malignant rheumatoid arthritis), and (2) diseases that progress over a long period of time and that require not only economic problems but also a significant amount of manpower for caregiving, thereby placing a heavy burden on families and a heavy mental burden (such as childhood cancer, chronic childhood nephritis, nephrosis, childhood asthma, progressive muscular dystrophy, and renal failure).

[Noriaki Yanagishita]

History

In 1964 (Showa 39), when the Tokyo Olympics were held, an outbreak of SMON around the Toda Boat Course in Saitama Prefecture became a catalyst for intractable diseases to become a social issue. As the research system for SMON produced results, research and strengthening of measures for patients was promoted for other intractable diseases as well. Thus, in July 1972, the Specific Disease Countermeasures Office (currently the Disease Countermeasures Division of the Health Bureau of the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare) was established in the Public Health Bureau of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, and measures were launched for intractable diseases, focusing on (1) promoting research, (2) reducing the out-of-pocket medical expenses, and (3) improving medical facilities. Intractable diseases that are specifically designated as targets of these measures are administratively called "specific diseases." Diseases for which other measures are already being implemented (cancer, stroke, heart disease, mental illness, etc.) are excluded from these intractable disease measures.

As of April 2013, 130 diseases are the subject of specific disease countermeasure research, of which 56 are designated as specific disease treatment research targets.

[Noriaki Yanagishita]

Target diseases for specific disease treatment research

The diseases that are the subject of specific disease treatment research, listed in chronological order of implementation, are: Behçet's disease, myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus, SMON, multiple sclerosis, aplastic anemia, sarcoidosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, scleroderma/dermatomyositis and polymyositis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, periarteritis nodosa (including polyarteritis nodosa and microscopic polyangiitis), ulcerative colitis, aortitis syndrome (Takayasu's arteritis), Buerger's disease, pemphigus, spinocerebellar degeneration, Crohn's disease, and refractory hepatitis. Among them, fulminant hepatitis, malignant rheumatoid arthritis, Parkinson's disease (since 2003, Parkinson's disease has been classified as a specific disease under the name of Parkinson's disease-related diseases, together with progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration), amyloidosis, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, Huntington's disease, occlusion of the circle of Willis (moyamoya disease), Wegener's granulomatosis, idiopathic dilated (congestive) cardiomyopathy, Shy-Drager syndrome (since 2003, Shy-Drager syndrome has been classified as a specific disease under the name of multiple system atrophy, together with striatonigral degeneration and olivopontocerebellar atrophy), epidermolysis bullosa (junctional and nutritional disorders), pustules Psoriasis, diffuse spinal canal stenosis, primary biliary cirrhosis, severe acute pancreatitis, idiopathic femoral head necrosis, mixed connective tissue disease, primary immunodeficiency syndrome, idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, retinitis pigmentosa, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (since 2002, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease has been classified as a specific disease under the name of prion disease, along with Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease and fatal familial insomnia), primary pulmonary hypertension, neurofibromatosis (type I/II), subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, Budd-Chiari syndrome (a type of portal hypertension), idiopathic chronic pulmonary thromboembolism The 56 diseases are: adrenoleukodystrophy, familial hypercholesterolemia (pulmonary hypertension type), Fabry disease (since 2001, Fabry disease, along with other lysosomal diseases, has been classified as a specific disease under the name of lysosomal storage diseases), adrenoleukodystrophy, familial hypercholesterolemia (homozygous), spinal muscular atrophy, spinal-bulbar muscular atrophy, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, mitochondrial disease, lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), severe erythema polymorphous exudative (acute phase), ossification of the ligamentum flavum, and diencephalohypophysial dysfunction (PRL secretion abnormalities, gonadotropin secretion abnormalities, ADH secretion abnormalities, pituitary TSH secretion abnormalities, Cushing's disease, acromegaly, and hypopituitarism).

Those suffering from these diseases can apply for assistance from the national and prefectural governments to cover their self-paid medical expenses based on the provisions of each social insurance law, but this does not cover extra bed charges during hospitalization or caregiver fees. Some prefectures, including Tokyo, are expanding the scope of diseases eligible for medical assistance.

Regarding medical facilities, core facilities for specific diseases have been established within each national hospital to provide high-level medical care, and clinical research departments have been established to conduct research on specific diseases.

[Noriaki Yanagishita]

Review of measures to combat intractable diseases

A quarter century has passed since the Guidelines for Measures against Intractable Diseases were formulated, and the situation surrounding measures against intractable diseases has changed as follows:

[1] Launch of Priority Research In addition to the conventional clinical survey research and cross-sectional basic research, in 1998 a number of priority research projects were launched in which opinions were widely solicited via the Internet and public proposals were solicited for each research topic.

[2] Improvement of medical facilities The revision of medical fee remuneration in 1996 expanded the scope of eligible diseases, such as the inpatient consultation fee for patients with intractable diseases and the hospitalization fee for specific disease treatment wards, and created a new rehabilitation fee for patients with intractable diseases to ensure the smooth supply of medical care. In 1998, the government began to improve the system for accepting patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other conditions at medical facilities for the physically disabled.

[3] Reduction in self-paid medical expenses Because intractable diseases include a wide variety of illnesses, there are also a variety of medical expense subsidy systems. Public medical expenses are covered under such names as specific disease treatment research expenses, chronic childhood disease treatment research expenses, rehabilitation medical expenses, developmental medical expenses, measures for children (adults) with severe physical and mental disabilities, and measures for children (adults) with progressive muscular atrophy.

[4] Strengthening and coordinating health, medical care and welfare in the community Many patients and their families have concerns about knowledge about the disease, treatment methods, how to provide care at home, and financial issues. To alleviate these concerns, a new model project for medical consultations for patients with intractable diseases was launched in 1989 (Heisei 1). In addition, a model project for home visits (where medical teams consisting of specialists, attending physicians, public health nurses, nurses, etc. visit patients' homes to provide medical treatment, nursing care and guidance on medical treatment according to the patient's condition) was launched in 1990, with prefectures as the implementing body. Since 1997, the Intractable Disease Information Center has been providing information on the Internet.

In addition, in order to ensure a stable recuperation life and improve the quality of life (QOL) of patients with intractable diseases, including their families, we provide the following services to patients with intractable diseases who are recuperating at home:
(1) Home help services that provide meals, laundry, and other personal care
(2) The "Short-term Admission Program for Patients with Incurable Diseases" provides temporary accommodation to medical facilities such as national hospitals, sanatoriums, and private hospitals for patients who are unable to continue their medical care due to illness or other reasons of their caregivers at home.
(3) There are programs to provide home-care patients who have difficulty living their daily lives with items such as special beds.

[Noriaki Yanagishita]

[References] | Amyloidosis | Circle of Willis | Lupus erythematosus | Ulcerative colitis | Anterior pituitary gland hypofunction | Scleroderma | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | Cushing's syndrome | Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease | Crohn's disease | Fulminant hepatitis |Polyarteritis nodosa| Primary pulmonary hypertension | Aplastic anemia | Sarcoidosis | Myasthenia gravis | Childhood incurable diseases | SMON | Spinocerebellar degeneration | Acromegaly | Takayasu's arteritis | Multiple sclerosis | Pemphigus | Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura |Idiopathic cardiomyopathy| Parkinson's syndrome |Huntington's disease | Dermatomyositis | Buerger's disease | Choreosis |Prion|Behçet 's disease | Immune deficiency syndrome | Retinitis pigmentosa | Moyamoya disease | Portal hypertension

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

原因不明の難治性疾患を総称する一般用語であるが、1972年(昭和47)10月に厚生省(現、厚生労働省)が発表した難病対策要綱によると、(1)原因不明で治療方法が未確立であって、かつ後遺症を残すおそれの少なくない疾患(ベーチェット病、重症筋無力症、再生不良性貧血、悪性関節リウマチなど)で、(2)経過が慢性にわたり、単に経済的な問題のみならず介護等に著しく人手を要するため、家庭の負担が重く、また精神的にも負担の大きい疾患(小児癌(がん)、小児慢性腎炎(じんえん)、ネフローゼ、小児喘息(ぜんそく)、進行性筋ジストロフィー、腎不全など)という、(1)医学的立場と(2)社会的立場の両面から難病を定義している。

[柳下徳雄]

沿革

東京オリンピックが開催された1964年(昭和39)に埼玉県の戸田ボートコース周辺でスモンが異常発生した事件が契機となって難病が社会問題化し、スモンの研究体制が成果をあげたところから、他の難病についても調査研究と患者対策の強化が推進されることになった。かくして1972年7月、厚生省公衆衛生局に特定疾患対策室(現、厚生労働省健康局疾病対策課)が設けられ、難病に対して(1)調査研究の推進、(2)医療費自己負担の軽減、(3)医療施設の整備を中心とした対策が発足した。この対策の対象としてとくに定められた難病は、行政的に特定疾患とよばれている。なお、すでに別の対策が実施されている疾患(癌、脳卒中、心臓病、精神病など)は、この難病対策からは除外されている。

 2013年(平成25)4月現在、130疾患が特定疾患対策研究の対象になっており、そのうち56疾患が特定疾患治療研究対象疾患として指定されている。

[柳下徳雄]

特定疾患治療研究対象疾患

特定疾患治療研究の対象とされている疾患を実施年代順に列挙すると、ベーチェット病、重症筋無力症、全身性エリテマトーデス、スモン、多発性硬化症、再生不良性貧血、サルコイドーシス、筋萎縮性側索硬化症(きんいしゅくせいそくさくこうかしょう)、強皮症/皮膚筋炎および多発性筋炎、特発性血小板減少性紫斑病(とくはつせいけっしょうばんげんしょうせいしはんびょう)、結節性動脈周囲炎(結節性多発動脈炎、顕微鏡的多発血管炎を含む)、潰瘍性大腸炎(かいようせいだいちょうえん)、大動脈炎症候群(高安動脈炎(たかやすどうみゃくえん))、ビュルガー病(バージャー病)、天疱瘡(てんぽうそう)、脊髄小脳変性症(せきずいしょうのうへんせいしょう)、クローン病、難治性の肝炎のうち劇症肝炎、悪性関節リウマチ、パーキンソン病(2003年から、パーキンソン病は、進行性核上性麻痺、大脳皮質基底核変性症とともに、パーキンソン病関連疾患という名称のもとに特定疾患分類されている)、アミロイドーシス、後縦靭帯骨化症(こうじゅうじんたいこっかしょう)、ハンチントン病、ウィリス動脈輪閉塞症(へいそくしょう)(モヤモヤ病)、ウェゲナー肉芽腫症(にくがしゅしょう)、特発性拡張型(うっ血型)心筋症、シャイ‐ドレーガー症候群(2003年から、シャイ‐ドレーガー症候群は、線条体黒質変性症、オリーブ橋小脳萎縮症とともに、多系統萎縮症という名称のもとに特定疾患分類されている)、表皮水疱症(ひょうひすいほうしょう)(接合部型および栄養障害型)、膿疱性乾癬(のうほうせいかんせん)、広範脊柱管狭窄症(こうはんせきちゅうかんきょうさくしょう)、原発性胆汁性肝硬変、重症急性膵炎(すいえん)、特発性大腿骨頭壊死症(とくはつせいだいたいこつとうえししょう)、混合性結合組織病、原発性免疫不全症候群、特発性間質性肺炎、網膜色素変性症、クロイツフェルト・ヤコブ病(2002年から、クロイツフェルト・ヤコブ病は、ゲルストマン・ストロイスラー・シャインカー病、致死性家族性不眠症とともに、プリオン病という名称のもとに特定疾患分類されている)、原発性肺高血圧症、神経繊維腫症(Ⅰ型/Ⅱ型)、亜急性硬化性全脳炎、バッド‐キアリBudd-Chiari症候群(門脈圧亢進症の一つ)、特発性慢性肺血栓塞栓症(とくはつせいまんせいはいけっせんそくせんしょう)(肺高血圧型)、ファブリー病(2001年から、ファブリー病は、ファブリー病以外のライソゾーム病とともに、ライソゾーム病という名称のもとに特定疾患分類されている)、副腎白質(ふくじんはくしつ)ジストロフィー、家族性高コレステロール血症(ホモ接合体)、脊髄性筋萎縮症、球脊髄性筋萎縮症、慢性炎症性脱髄性多発神経炎、肥大型心筋症、拘束型心筋症、ミトコンドリア病、リンパ脈管筋腫症(LAM)、重症多形滲出(しんしゅつ)性紅斑(急性期)、黄色靭帯骨化症、間脳下垂体機能障害(PRL分泌異常症、ゴナドトロピン分泌異常症、ADH分泌異常症、下垂体性TSH分泌異常症、クッシング病、先端巨大症、下垂体機能低下症)の56疾患である。

 これらの疾患にかかっている人には、申請によって社会保険各法の規定に基づく医療費の自己負担分が国と都道府県から補助されるが、入院時の差額ベッド料や介護人の費用などは対象外になっている。なお、東京をはじめ一部の都道府県では、医療費補助の対象疾患を拡大しているところもある。

 医療施設等については、疾患別の基幹施設がそれぞれの国立病院内に新設され、高水準の医療を行うとともに臨床研究部が設置され、特定疾患の調査研究も行われている。

[柳下徳雄]

難病対策の見直し

難病対策要綱が策定されて以来四半世紀が経過し、難病対策をめぐる状況は次のように変化している。

〔1〕重点研究の開始 従来の臨床調査研究、横断的基礎研究に加えて、1998年度(平成10)から、インターネットを用いて広く意見聴取を行った研究課題について公募する重点研究が開始された。

〔2〕医療施設の整備 1996年の診療報酬改定で難病患者入院診察料および特定疾患療養病棟入院料などの対象疾患が拡大され、新たに難病患者リハビリテーション料が創設されて円滑な医療の供給が図られ、1998年度からは身体障害者療養施設における筋萎縮性側索硬化症などの受け入れ体制の整備が始まった。

〔3〕医療費の自己負担の軽減 難病には種々の疾病が含まれるので、医療費の補助制度も多様であり、特定疾患治療研究費、小児慢性特定疾患治療研究費、更生医療費、育成医療費、重症心身障害児(者)措置費、進行性筋萎縮症児(者)措置費などの名目によって医療費の公費負担が行われている。

〔4〕地域における保健医療福祉の充実・連携 患者や家族のなかには病気に関する知識や治療方法、家庭での介護方法、経済的な問題などの不安を抱いている者も多い。この不安を解消するために、1989年度(平成1)より新たに難病患者医療相談モデル事業が始められた。また1990年度からは都道府県を実施主体とする訪問診療事業(専門医、主治医、保健婦、看護婦などにより構成された診療班が、患者宅を訪問し、患者の病状に応じた診療、看護および療養上の指導を行う)がモデル事業として始められた。1997年からは難病情報センターがインターネット上で情報提供を行っている。

 また、安定した療養生活の確保と難病患者の家族を含めたクオリティ・オブ・ライフquality of life=QOL(生活の質)の向上を目ざして、在宅で療養している難病患者に対して、
(1)食事、洗濯など身の回りの世話などを行うホームヘルプサービス
(2)家庭で患者を介護している者の疾病などによって、その患者の療養が困難となった場合、国立病院・療養所および民間病院などの医療提供施設に一時的に収容する「難病患者等短期入所事業」
(3)日常生活を営むのに支障がある在宅の患者に対する特殊寝台などの日常生活用具の給付事業
などが行われている。

[柳下徳雄]

[参照項目] | アミロイドーシス | ウィリス動脈輪 | エリテマトーデス | 潰瘍性大腸炎 | 下垂体前葉機能低下症 | 強皮症 | 筋萎縮性側索硬化症 | クッシング症候群 | クロイツフェルト・ヤコブ病 | クローン病 | 劇症肝炎 | 結節性多発動脈炎 | 原発性肺高血圧症 | 再生不良性貧血 | サルコイドーシス | 重症筋無力症 | 小児難病 | スモン | 脊髄小脳変性症 | 先端巨大症 | 高安動脈炎 | 多発性硬化症 | 天疱瘡 | 特発性血小板減少性紫斑病 | 特発性心筋症 | パーキンソン症候群 | ハンチントン病 | 皮膚筋炎 | ビュルガー病 | 舞踏病 | プリオン | ベーチェット病 | 免疫不全症候群 | 網膜色素変性症 | モヤモヤ病 | 門脈圧亢進症

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

<<:  Southern [town] - Nanbu

>>:  Nambiqwara - Nambiqwara (English spelling)

Recommend

River turtle - Kawagame

...There are about 182 species distributed throug...

Philepitta castanea (English spelling) Philepittacastanea

…[Naoya Abe]. … *Some of the terminology that men...

Nagazane Motoda

Year of death: January 22, 1891 (Meiji 24) Year of...

Equal inheritance - Kinbun sozoku

In Japan, the share of a spouse is given special t...

Allowance for uncollectible accounts

This is an account item that is set up to show th...

Mount Hakone

A general term for the volcanic edifice that strad...

Dewa Village - Izuha Village

...It borders Hiroshima Prefecture to the south. ...

Kano Jihei

...Iwasaki Yanosuke (1851-1909) and Koyata (1879-...

Saint Fiacre (English spelling)

…In Japan, miso soup made from sea worms and hot ...

Allah - Allāh (English spelling)

The name of the one God in Islam. Etymologically,...

Enkoji version

[Noun] Books such as "Confucius' Family W...

Maksutov camera

A type of bright, wide-angle catadioptric optical ...

Bayes' theorem

Let us suppose that there are k events E 1 , E 2 ...

O'Sullivan, T.H.

…As soon as the Civil War broke out in 1861, he o...

Karita Mine Shrine - Karita Mine Shrine

...A type of clothing worn by lower-ranking gover...