Nanjing

Japanese: 南京 - なんきん

Ning is a sub-provincial city (a prefecture-level city with autonomy equivalent to that of a province) in Jiangsu Province, China, and the capital of the province. Its abbreviation is Ning. It is also called Jinling. It is located at the bend where the Yangtze River (Changjiang) changes course from northeast to east in the southwest of the province. It has jurisdiction over 11 city districts, including Gulou, Xuanwu, Qixia, Liuhe, Lishui, Pukou, and Gaochun (as of 2017). Population: 6,627,900 (2016).

The city's topography is complex, with low mountains, hills, river valleys, and plains intersecting, but overall it is surrounded by low mountains and hills on three sides, and is a river valley basin facing the Yangtze River on one side. The city is divided in two by the Yangtze River, which flows from southwest to northeast. The north side of the Yangtze belongs to the Chu River system, and the south side belongs to the Qinhuai River system, with lakes such as Shijiu Lake, Gucheng Lake, Mochou Lake, and Xuanwu Lake. The city has a humid subtropical climate with four distinct seasons, and the average annual temperature is 15.4°C, but because it is a basin, the highest temperature in summer can reach 43°C. The annual precipitation is 1,106 mm. In 1978, the city became a sister city with Nagoya City, but exchanges have been suspended since 2012 due to historical issues.

[Kazuo Hayashi, Editorial Department, January 19, 2018]

history

During the Warring States period, it was Jinling City of Chu, during the Three Kingdoms period, Jianye County of Wu, Jianye County of Jin, Jiankang County during the Southern Dynasties, Jiangning County of Sui, Guihua County or Jinling County at the beginning of the Tang, later Shangyuan County and Jiangning County, and the Song and Yuan dynasties followed suit, becoming Nanjing during the Ming and Qing dynasties, and Jiangning County or the capital city during the Republic of China. During this time, it was the capital of Yangzhou and Danyang County in Jin, Jiangzhou and Danyang County in Sui, Yangzhou, Jiangning County and Shengzhou in the Tang, Jiankang Prefecture in Song, Jiankang Road and Jiqing Road in Yuan, and Jiangning Prefecture in the Qing.

The Qinhuai River, which still flows through the city, is said to have been dug during the reign of Qin Shi Huang, but it first appeared in history when the famous general of the Later Han Dynasty, Sun Quan, raised an army here, eventually gained independence, and founded the state of Wu during the Three Kingdoms period (229). The capital at that time was in the western part of the current city, about 12 kilometers in circumference, and as a fortress surrounded by fertile land, it is said to have been the envy of Cao Cao of Wei and Zhuge Kongming (Zhuge Liang) of Shu. Later, the Jin clan fled here and founded the Eastern Jin Dynasty (317), and the Southern Dynasties of Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen all rose and fell here after that. During that time, the city was politically unstable for about 250 years due to its rivalry with the Northern Dynasties, but it inherited and developed the traditions of Chinese culture, and became the center of the so-called Six Dynasties culture. It also became a base for economic development along the Yangtze River, and prospered to rival the cities along the Yellow River. The fame of the Six Dynasties culture was known in Japan, Korea, and the South Seas, and during the Liang Dynasty, it was a large city with 280,000 households and a population of 1.4 million. However, the destruction caused by the Hou Jing Rebellion at the end of the period (548) was terrible, and the nobles and powerful families took to the plough themselves, resulting in a devastating situation. During the Chen Dynasty, the city was restored and its traditions were promoted, so that even when the Sui Dynasty, which emerged from the Northern Dynasties, destroyed the Chen Dynasty, the city had 100,000 households and 500,000 people, and was as prosperous as Luoyang (Luoyang) and Chang'an.

During the Tang and Song dynasties, new cities such as Yangzhou, Suzhou, and Hangzhou arose nearby, and together they played an important role in Tang and Song culture, and maintained their status as ancient capitals even during the Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the first in history to create a unified nation based in Jiangnan, so in 1404 they built a capital city here with a circumference of 52 kilometers, and even after the capital was moved to Beijing, it continued to function as a quasi-national capital, with facilities comparable to those of Beijing, and was run as a large city with well-organized districts for the military, government, and civilian use.

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, during the Opium Wars and the Taiping Rebellion, the luxurious buildings of the Ming Dynasty were burned down, and even after the establishment of the Republic of China, it often served as the base of revolutionary forces. In 1927, it became the capital of Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist government, and by 1937 it had transformed into a modern city with a population of one million. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, it was occupied by Japanese troops in December 1937.

[Hoshi Hashio January 19, 2018]

Industry and Transportation

After 1908, the Shanghai-Ningbo Line, the Jinpu Line (both now the Beijing-Shanghai Line), and the Ningwu Line (Nanjing-Wuhu) were opened one after another, establishing Nanjing as a key point for land and water transport in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In 1968, the two-deck Yangtze River Bridge was completed, connecting Xiaguan (now Gulou) on the south bank of the Yangtze River with Pukou on the north bank, and carrying both rail and road. Since the 2000s, other railways have been opened, including the Ningqi Line (Nanjing-Nantong) and the Ningxi Line (Nanjing-Xian). Nanjing Port, consisting of Gulou and Pukou, is China's largest river port and a key link in water transport on the Yangtze River. As of 2015, there were 42 berths capable of berthing 50,000-ton ocean-going ships. In addition, on the outskirts of the city is Nanjing Lukou International Airport, which opened in 1997.

Originally, it had a strong political and consumer character, and its industrial base was weak, with light industry being the main focus. However, after the founding of the People's Republic of China, heavy chemical industries such as steel, petrochemicals, automobiles, and electronic devices, including the Nanjing Steelworks, developed. In the 1990s, four national-level development zones with preferential tax treatment were established to attract foreign companies (Nanjing Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone, Nanjing Economic and Technological Development Zone, Jiangning Economic and Technological Development Zone, and Nanjing Chemical Industrial Park). Vegetable production is thriving in the surrounding plains, and fruit trees such as apples, peaches, and pears are abundant in the hills, and dairy cows are also raised. Specialties include Nanjing Yunjin, which was registered as an intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) in 2009, rain flower stone, a type of agate, and rain flower tea, a type of green tea.

[Kazuo Hayashi, Editorial Department, January 19, 2018]

Culture and Tourism

It is one of the six ancient capitals of China, and many tombs of historical figures remain. Among them, the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, the tomb of the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang, and the tombs of loyal subjects such as Xu Da scattered around it, were registered as a World Heritage Site in 2000 as part of the "Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties" (World Cultural Heritage). In addition, there are the tombs of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, the Two Tombs of Southern Tang, the Three Kingdoms poet Ruan Ji, and the Ming military commander Zheng He.

Historical buildings from the Republic of China era remain, such as Meiling Palace, the official residence of Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling, and the former Presidential Palace. There is also the China Second Historical Archives, which preserves the official documents of the Republic of China, and is often visited by Japanese researchers. Plum Garden New Village and Yuhua Terrace are also famous as revolutionary memorial sites.

[Jun Zhou January 19, 2018]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

中国、江蘇(こうそ)省にある副省級市（省と同程度の自主権を与えられた地級市）で、同省の省都。略称は寧。金陵(きんりょう)ともよばれる。同省南西部の揚子江(ようすこう)（長江(ちょうこう)）が北東から東へ流れを変える屈曲点に位置する。鼓楼(ころう)、玄武(げんぶ)、棲霞(せいか)、六合(りくごう)、溧水(りつすい)、浦口(ほこう)、高淳(こうじゅん)など11市轄区を管轄する（2017年時点）。人口662万7900（2016）。

　地形は低山、丘陵、河谷、平野が交錯して複雑な様相を呈するが、全体としては三方が低山、丘陵に囲まれ、一方が揚子江に面する河谷盆地である。市域は南西から北東に流れる揚子江によって二分され、揚子江の北側は滁河(じょが)水系に、南側は秦淮河(しんわいが)水系に属し、石臼湖(せききゅうこ)、固城湖、莫愁湖(ばくしゅうこ)、玄武湖などの湖沼がある。気候は温暖湿潤気候区に属し四季が明瞭で、年平均気温は15.4℃であるが、盆地のため夏の最高気温は43℃に達する。年降水量は1106ミリメートル。1978年に名古屋市と姉妹都市提携を結んだが、歴史認識問題によって2012年以降は交流が途絶えている。

［林　和生・編集部　2018年1月19日］

歴史

戦国時代の楚(そ)の金陵邑(ゆう)、三国時代、呉の建業(けんぎょう)県、晋(しん)の建鄴(けんぎょう)県、南朝時代の建康(けんこう)県、隋(ずい)の江寧(こうねい)県、唐初めの帰化(きか)県または金陵県、のちに上元県・江寧(こうねい)県、宋(そう)・元もこれに倣い、明(みん)・清(しん)の南京、中華民国のときの江寧県または首都市にあたる。この間、晋の揚州(ようしゅう)・丹陽(たんよう)郡、隋の蒋州(しょうしゅう)・丹陽郡、唐の揚州・江寧郡・昇州、宋の建康府、元の建康路・集慶路、清の江寧府などの首邑となった。

　いまも城内を流れている秦淮河は、秦の始皇帝のとき掘られたと伝えられているが、史上に登場するのは、後漢(ごかん)の名将孫権がここで挙兵し、やがて独立、三国時代の呉を建国（229）してからである。当時の都城は現在の城の西部にあたり、周囲約12キロメートル、沃地に囲まれた要害の地として、魏(ぎ)の曹操(そうそう)、蜀(しょく)の諸葛孔明(しょかつこうめい)（諸葛亮(しょかつりょう)）をうらやましがらせたという。のち、晋の一族が逃れてきて、ここに東晋を興した（317）のもそのためで、以後、南朝の宋、斉(せい)、梁(りょう)、陳もすべてここに興亡した。その間、約250年、北朝に対抗して政治的には安定を欠いたが、中国文化の伝統を継承し、発展させて、いわゆる六朝(りくちょう)文化の中心となり、また、揚子江畔の経済開発の基地となって、黄河畔の都市に勝るとも劣らぬ繁栄をみせた。六朝文化の名声は、日本、朝鮮、南海にも知られ、梁のときには、28万戸、人口140万を擁した大都会であった。ただ、その末期（548）に起きた侯景(こうけい)の乱の破壊はひどく、貴顕豪族が自ら鋤(すき)をとる惨状を呈した。陳のときに復興し、その伝統を推進したので、北朝から出た隋が陳を滅ぼしたときでも、この地は10万戸、50万人を擁し、雒陽(らくよう)（洛陽）、長安に劣らず繁栄していた。

　唐・宋代には、揚州、蘇州(そしゅう)、杭州(こうしゅう)など近くに新たな都市がおこり、ともに唐・宋文化の一翼を担い、元代にも古都の面目を保った。明は、史上初めて江南を基礎に統一国家をつくったので、1404年ここに周囲52キロメートルの都城を築き、北京(ペキン)に遷都してからも準国都として、北京に準ずる施設を置き、軍・官・民の街区が整然と機能する大都市として営まれた。

　清末、アヘン戦争、太平天国運動のとき、明代の豪華建築は兵火を受け、中華民国成立後も革命勢力の本拠となることが多かった。1927年蒋介石(しょうかいせき)の国民政府の首都となり、1937年には人口100万の近代都市に変貌した。日中戦争では、1937年12月日本軍が占領した。

［星　斌夫　2018年1月19日］

産業・交通

1908年以後、滬寧(こねい)線、津浦(しんぽ)線（ともに現、京滬線）、寧蕪線（南京―蕪湖(ぶこ)）の各鉄道が次々に開通し、揚子江下流部における水陸交通の要衝としての地位を確立した。1968年には揚子江南岸の下関(かかん)（現、鼓楼）と北岸の浦口を結ぶ、鉄道・道路併用で二層式の長江大橋が完成した。2000年代以降も寧啓線（南京―南通(なんつう)）、寧西線（南京―西安(せいあん)）などの鉄道が開通している。鼓楼と浦口からなる南京港は中国最大の河港で、揚子江水運の要(かなめ)となっており、2015年時点で5万トン級の外航船が停泊可能なバース（係留地）が42か所ある。また、市郊外には1997年開港の南京禄口(ろくこう)国際空港がある。

　もともと政治・消費都市的性格が強く、工業の基盤は脆弱(ぜいじゃく)で、軽工業が中心であったが、中華人民共和国成立後、南京製鉄所をはじめとする鉄鋼や石油化学、自動車、電子機器など重化学工業が発達した。1990年代には外資企業誘致のため、税制優遇措置を伴う四つの国家級開発区（南京ハイテク産業開発区、南京経済技術開発区、江寧経済技術開発区、南京化学工業園区）が設置された。近郊の平野では野菜生産が盛んで、丘陵部ではリンゴ、モモ、ナシなどの果樹が多く、乳牛の飼育も盛んである。特産品には、2009年ユネスコ（国連教育科学文化機関）の無形文化遺産に登録された南京雲錦(うんきん)、めのうの一種である雨花石(うかせき)、緑茶の雨花茶などがある。

［林　和生・編集部　2018年1月19日］

文化・観光

中国六大古都の一つであり、歴史上の人物の墓が多数現存する。なかでも明の太祖朱元璋(しゅげんしょう)の陵墓である明孝陵と、その周辺に点在する徐達(じょたつ)ら忠臣の墓は、2000年「明・清王朝の皇帝陵墓群」の構成資産として、世界遺産の文化遺産に登録されている（世界文化遺産）。このほかにも、孫文(そんぶん)の墓である中山陵や南唐二陵、三国時代の詩人阮籍(げんせき)、明の武将鄭和(ていわ)の墓などがある。

　蒋介石と宋美齢(そうびれい)の官邸であった美齢宮や旧総統府など、中華民国時代の歴史的建造物が残る。また、中華民国の公文書を保存する中国第二歴史档案館(とうあんかん)があり、日本人研究者の利用も多い。革命記念地として梅園新村、雨花台なども有名。

［周　俊　2018年1月19日］

[参照項目] | 京滬線 | 侯景の乱 | 江蘇（省） | 孫権 | 長江大橋 | 南京政府 | 南京大虐殺 | 浦口

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