Narcissism - Narcissism

Japanese: ナルシシズム - なるししずむ(英語表記)narcissism
Narcissism - Narcissism

A concept derived from the Greek myth of Narcissus (the French name for narcissus is commonly used). It is also called narcissism. The beautiful young boy Narcissus rejected the love of the nymph Echo and was fascinated by his own reflection in the water, and was unable to leave the spot and died. From this, the term is generally used to mean self-love or self-absorption. In narcissism, sexual libido is not directed toward an external object, but toward oneself. Homosexuality, which rejects the love of the opposite sex and seeks the love of the same sex, seeks an object other than oneself, but this object is nothing more than a substitute for oneself, and is a narcissistic form of love. According to Freud, narcissists "seek a young person who they can love as their mother loved them (i.e. an object identified with the self)." In paranoid psychosis, the object libido that was directed outward is redirected toward oneself and becomes ego libido, which exaggerates narcissism, which is then projected outward again and creates delusions of grandeur.

The term narcissism was first used by the British sex psychologist Ellis (1895), but in 1899 the German psychiatrist Paul Näcke (1851-1913) defined narcissism as a kind of sexual perversion. In his Introduction to Narcissism (1914), Freud took up narcissism as a problem of the emergence of the ego, and considered it to be a developmental stage between self-love and object-love, and that a special psychological process is added to self-love, which develops into narcissism. This special psychological process is identification, and the ego is formed by identifying with another person, but once the ego is formed, one begins to love one's ego rather than one's own body. Lacan's mirror stage as a developmental stage is an attempt to clearly describe this identification. In The Ego and the Id (1923), Freud presents the idea that the primal state in which the self and other are not yet distinguished is called primary narcissism. When infantile narcissism is lost, an ego-ideal is created to replace it.

[Masamichi Kawabata]

"Introduction to Narcissism" by Freud, translated by Katsumi Kakeda and Hirotsugu Yoshimura (included in "Collected Works of Freud 5," 1969, Jinbun Shoin)""Ego and Id" by Freud, translated by Keigo Okonogi (included in "Collected Works of Freud 6," 1970, Jinbun Shoin)""How to Read Freud 2: The Loss of Narcissism" by Daisaku Tonobayashi (1988, Seishin Shobo)" ▽ "The Disease of Narcissism: Cultural, Psychological, and Physical Pathology" by A. Loewen, translated by Shinya Morishita (1990, Shinyosha)" ▽ "Children Are Murdered: Primary Narcissism and the Death Drive" by Serge Leclerc, translated by Yasuo Kobayashi and Takahiro Takeuchi (1998, Seishin Shobo)""The Narcissistic Man: A Theory of Modern Narcissism" by Keigo Okonogi (Kodansha Bunko)"

[References] | Eris | Mirror stage | Ego | Self-love | Identification | Narcissus

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ギリシア神話のナルキッソス(一般に用いられるナルシスはこのフランス語名)に由来する概念。ナルシズムともいう。美少年のナルシスは、ニンフのエコーの愛を拒絶して水面に映った自分の姿に見とれ、その場から離れることができず死んでしまう。ここから一般的には自己愛、自己陶酔の意味で使われる。ナルシシズムでは、性的リビドーは外の対象に向けられず、自分自身に向けられる。異性の愛を拒絶し、同性の愛を求める同性愛は、自分以外の対象を求めるとはいえ、この対象は自分自身の代理にほかならず、ナルシシズム型の愛の様式である。フロイトによれば、ナルシシストは「母親が自分を愛してくれたように、自分が愛することのできる若者(すなわち自己と同一視された対象)を求める」のである。パラノイア型の精神病では、外に向けられていた対象リビドーは、自分に向け換えられ自我リビドーとなり、ナルシシズムを肥大化し、それがふたたび外に投影され誇大妄想をつくりだす。

 ナルシシズムという用語を最初に用いた(1895)のは、イギリスの性心理学者エリスであるが、1899年にドイツの精神科医ネッケPaul Näcke(1851―1913)は、ナルシシズムを性的倒錯の一種として定義した。フロイトは『ナルシシズム入門』(1914)において、ナルシシズムを自我発生の問題として取り上げ、自体愛と対象愛の中間に位置する発達段階であり、自体愛に特別な心的作用が加わり、ナルシシズムに発達すると考えた。この特別な心的作用とは同一視であり、他者との同一視によって自我が形成されるが、自我が形成されると、自分の身体ではなく自分の自我を愛するようになる。ラカンの発達段階としての鏡像段階は、この同一視を明確に記述しようとするものである。フロイトは、『自我とエス』(1923)においては、自他未分の原初的状態を一次的ナルシシズムとよぶ考え方を示している。幼児的なナルシシズムが喪失すると、その代理として自我理想がつくられる。

[川幡政道]

『フロイト著、懸田克躬・吉村博次訳「ナルシシズム入門」(『フロイト著作集5』所収・1969・人文書院)』『フロイト著、小此木啓吾訳「自我とエス」(『フロイト著作集6』所収・1970・人文書院)』『外林大作著『フロイトの読み方2 ナルシズムの喪失』(1988・誠信書房)』『A・ローウェン著、森下伸也訳『ナルシシズムという病い――文化・心理・身体の病理』(1990・新曜社)』『セルジュ・ルクレール著、小林康夫・竹内孝宏訳『子どもが殺される――一次ナルシシズムと死の欲動』(1998・誠信書房)』『小此木啓吾著『自己愛人間 現代ナルシシズム論』(講談社文庫)』

[参照項目] | エリス | 鏡像段階 | 自我 | 自体愛 | 同一視 | ナルキッソス

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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